Bilateral tax agreement and FDI inflows: Evidence from Hong Kong investment in the Mainland China

This paper explains the changes in the composition of the source countries or regions of FDI in China from the perspective of taxation. Based on FDI data from 2003 to 2012, the empirical test, employing the difference-in-differences (DID) model, shows that, after the implementation of the tax agreement between the mainland and Hong Kong in 2007, FDI from Hong Kong increased significantly. After the integration of domestic and foreign-funded enterprise income tax systems in 2008, Hong Kong capital inflows increased even more drastically. The extended analyses show that, the substantial increase in Hong Kong capital after the implementation of this bilateral tax agreement was partly related to the diversion effect of investment. MNCs might have diverted investment from other tax havens to the mainland via Hong Kong, resulting in a sharp increase in the amount and proportion of Hong Kong investment, whereas those of FDI from other tax havens have declined.     

Costs and Benefits of Export-Oriented Foreign Investment: The Case of China

The costs and benefits of export-oriented FDI have been discussed by Helleiner (1973, 1998), Watanabe (1972), Sharpston (1975), and others. Processed exports generated from FDI have constituted over half of the exports of Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and China. Despite the importance of processed exports, empirical studies of their costs and benefits are difficult due to lack of data, especially on transfer earnings. Data on the division of benefits between the source and host countries are scarce and unreliable. This paper examines the costs and benefits of export-oriented foreign investment for China. China has been highly successful in exporting and in attracting FDI, especially export-oriented FDI from Hong Kong. Since 1993, China has become the second largest recipient of FDI in the world after the US, and Hong Kong has become the world's fourth largest source of FDI after the US, UK, and Germany. China's processed exports are largely re-exported via Hong Kong. As a result, good data on the total value-added of processed exports for Mainland China and for Hong Kong are available. It is found that the rate of value-added for Mainland China is relatively low compare with that for Hong Kong, indicating transfer pricing and absence of linkages in the mainland. This appears to be due to the rigidity of China's economic system which hampers backward and forward linkages. The mainland is thus dependent on Hong Kong for many services in the value-added chain. However, the rate of value-added for China has increased substantially since 1996, indicating an increase in both backward and forward linkages.     

Who Plays the Key Role among Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong Stock Markets？

In this paper we examine the daily frequency stock market indices of Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong from January 2000 to June 2012, and use the Morlet wavelet coherence model to determine who is playing the most important role in the financial markets of China. We find that there are significant comovements between these stock markets in the medium and long run. This provides investors with opportunities to increase their capital gains. The Hong Kong stock market plays a leading role in the long run, but its leader position is threatened by fast‐growing Chinese mainland stock markets, especially the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Based on our analysis, the following suggestions apply to the Chinese stock markets: establish and improve international and regional finance centers in Chinese mainland; encourage more qualified institutional investors; reposition the market relations among Hong Kong, Shanghai and Shenzhen; and increase deregulation and internationalization to speed up the integration of financial resources.     

香港FDI进入中国大陆的决定因素——基于省级面板数据的实证研究

进入中国大陆的FDI主要来自日本、美国、中国香港等国家和地区。进入中国大陆的香港FDI主要有港商投资、在港中资机构投资和“假外资”投资等三种类型。中国大陆东部沿海地区是香港FDI进入的优先区域,并向内地呈梯度分布。我们以1980—2008年的中国省级面板数据为基础,实证研究了香港FDI进入中国大陆的决定因素。本文结论显...     

Are stronger executive incentives associated with cross-listing? Evidence from China

This study examines whether firms incorporated in mainland China benefit from cross-listing in Hong Kong, China. The Hong Kong Stock Market has more stringent rules regarding corporate governance and a better system of investor protection than the mainland market. Hong Kong companies generally provide strong incentives to executives via equity-based compensation. Have cross-listed companies learned from Hong Kong firms about adopting these strong executive incentives? The evidence from this study suggests that changes in top executive compensation are more sensitive to sales growth in cross-listed firms than they are in mainland firms without cross-listing. However, compared to Hong Kong firms, cross-listed firms are less sensitive to stock returns. Further, this study shows that it is necessary to differentiate between state-owned companies and private companies, as cross-listing may have a greater impact on executive incentives in state-owned companies than it does in private companies.     

CEPA效应分析

CEPA的实施,有利于中华经济圈的建立;有利于重新确定香港在中国经济发展中的地位与角色;有利于两地制造业的整体提升;有利于市场的开放和融合。在货物贸易自由化的影响下,将主要产生关税节约(对内地的收入减少)效应、制造业回流及外资引入效应;在服务贸易自由化和投资便利化的     

中国内地与香港贸易流量的关键影响因素——基于16个省份面板数据的实证分析

2004年以来,中国内地与香港的贸易流量主要受GDP和人均GDP的影响,《泛珠三角区域合作框架协议》对双边贸易的影响并不显著,内地与香港的产业内贸易特征明显.未来,内地应该加快发展区域经济,努力增加居民收入,不断完善基础设施,加快建设统一市场,深化产业内专业化分工,优化区域治理结构,从而提升内地与香港的经贸关系.     

香港权证市场发展对我国内地的借鉴研究

我国内地随着股权分置改革的启动于2005年再次将权证引入资本市场。本文学习借鉴成熟的香港权证市场的成功经验,并避免其存在的问题,是有利于我国内地权证市场的稳步健康发展。     

In the crossfire: Multinational companies and consumer boycotts

Multinational firms face challenges as geopolitical tensions are rising when stakeholders may have divergent views on contentious issues. Sharply different attitudes toward the proposed extradition law by the Hong Kong SAR Government in 2019 and related issues were observed among some residents in mainland China and Hong Kong. While firms such as Cathay Pacific Airways expressed support of the government, it was perceived by some of its customers in mainland China that the firm was hostile to them due to the views expressed by some of its staff based in Hong Kong. In this paper, we estimate the impact of such perceived divergent staff political attitudes on consumer demand. Using a triple differences design that controls for changes in market demand and supply conditions, we find that passenger volumes from mainland China were adversely affected for Cathay Pacific, leading to a monthly decrease of approximately 20%, after contentious political views of some of its staff were widely reported in mainland China. However, the negative effects subside within a quarter. Further analysis reveals heterogeneity in consumer responses by regions, with passengers from South East Asia or countries having closer migration or trade ties with mainland China behaving similarly with those from mainland China.     

Hong Kong's growth synchronization with China and the US: A trend and cycle analysis

This paper investigates the synchronization of Hong Kong's economic growth with mainland China and the US. We identify trends of economic growth based on the permanent income hypothesis. Specifically, we first confirm whether real consumption in Hong Kong and mainland China satisfies the permanent income hypothesis, at least in a weak form. We then identify the permanent and transitory components of income of each economy using a simple state-space model. We use structural vector autoregression models to analyze how permanent and transitory shocks originating from mainland China and the US affect the Hong Kong economy, and how such influences evolve over time. Our main findings suggest that transitory shocks from the US remain a major driving force behind Hong Kong's business cycle fluctuations. On the other hand, permanent shocks from mainland China have a larger impact on Hong Kong's trend growth.     

Corruption,costs, and family: Chinese capital flight, 1984–2014

Since 1984, the foreign debt of the Peoples' Republic of China has increased at a greater rate than would be explained by changes in the country's current account, foreign direct investment and reserve holdings. This pattern is consistent with large-scale outflow of financial capital, commonly referred to as capital flight. Since 2005, capital flight has accelerated reaching $425 billion (plus or minus $60 billion) in 2014 alone. This study provides three estimates for capital flight from China for the period 1984 through 2014 using both Cuddington's balance of payments and more inclusive residual measures. These measures are adjusted to reflect the legitimate assets of the Chinese banking industry, mis-invoicing of China's trade with its major trading partners (especially Hong Kong), exchange rate changes, and the failure of official debt data to capture certain bank transactions. Based on these estimates, it is concluded that capital controls have little long-term effect on the volume of capital flight, Hong Kong is increasingly a pipeline for capital flight from the mainland, and that ‘traditional’ explanations do not apply to China's capital flight over the last decade. Finally, corruption, transaction costs, and facilitating migration are considered as possible explanations of the recent acceleration of Chinese capital flight.     

A Eurasian Economic Vision for the Twenty-first Century

Widespread corruption in mainland China adversely affects the overall economy in general and international business in particular. Prior to the establishment of the Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC) in 1974, corruption was also rampant in Hong Kong. The ICAC effectively cleaned corruption in Hong Kong within a short period of time. Hong Kong's success in this area has prompted the Chinese government to learn from Hong Kong's experience. This article reviews the factors that contributed to Hong Kong's success in fighting corruption and discusses whether China can learn from the Hong Kong experience. From this, we can conclude that, first, Hong Kong's experience demonstrates that a corruption‐prone culture can be changed in a relatively short period of time; second, in order for China to learn from Hong Kong's experience, there must be substantial changes in China's political and economic institutions.     

Clustering of Foreign Direct Investment and Enhanced Technology Transfer: Evidence from Hong Kong Garment Firms in China

Separately, both foreign direct investment (FDI) and industry clusters have each received considerable and growing attention in development literature. Each is broadly thought to affect economic growth positively through facilitation of knowledge and technology transfers. But FDI and industry clusters in conjunction have not hitherto been empirically considered specifically with regard to such transfers. This paper does so by examining the proposition that FDI within geographical industry clusters should transfer technology more than FDI that is geographically dispersed. Data are drawn from a quantitative survey of Hong Kong garment firms with manufacturing investments in Mainland China. Clustered FDI is shown to be significantly better than dispersed FDI at transferring technology in certain respects, implying that industry cluster and FDI policies should be considered in tandem rather than separately if developmental benefits from both are to be optimized.     

An analysis of dynamic risk in the Greater China equity markets

This study looks at the time-varying nature of systematic risk in the Greater China equity markets. The Shanghai and Shenzhen markets both have a low average systematic risk when measured against the world market. The short outbursts in systematic risk for these two markets seem to be directly related to policy shifts. The Hong Kong and Taiwan markets are more integrated with world markets and they show signs of large variations in systematic risk over time. Furthermore, conditional betas in the Shanghai and Shenzhen markets are stationary, while the Hong Kong and Taiwan betas are integrated of order one. In addition, long memory tests show that all four markets exhibit a long-run dependence in their conditional betas. While the two mainland China market betas are covariance stationary, the Hong Kong and Taiwan betas are not.     

上市地产公司自组REITs的绩效分析

截至2008年1月,我国共有七只REITs在香港成功上市,其中就包括一只由内地物业组建的权益型REIT越秀。但内地至今未引入REITs制度。本文以越秀REIT为例,分析上市地产公司在REITs上市后的绩效,从而探讨REITs制度的引进,会对我国房地产企业和行业产生的短期,中期及长期影响。     

粤港澳大湾区创业风险投资网络演化及影响因素研究

创业风险投资是科技企业获取权益资本融资的一项重要金融制度安排，在粤港澳大湾区和社会主义先行示范区的国家战略规划下，大力发展创业风险投资能推动粤港澳大湾区国际科创中心建设，进一步发挥金融对实体经济的服务与支持作用。文章基于社会网络分析视角，通过构建大湾区创业风险投资城市联系网络，从投资金额、项目分布、整体网络密度、核心-边缘结构等方面分析大湾区创业风险投资网络的时空演化特征，并探究其影响因素。研究发现：大湾区创业风险投资发展顺应宏观环境的波动，城市群内部形成港深广三大集聚中心，存在显著的空间、阶段分布不均衡的特征；港深广形塑了大湾区创业风险投资的网络关系，网络规模、联系日益加强，并呈现出"东密西疏"的放射状格局；港深广的集聚效应显著，边缘城市之间的投资联系仍较弱；经济环境、创业企业、创投机构、制度因素对大湾区创业风险投资联系有显著影响，其中经济及制度作用强度占主导。     

香港居民和中国大陆居民纳税意识差距及深层原因剖析

中、西方意识形态、文化习俗及经济社会制度的差异是导致中国大陆和中国香港居民纳税意识差距的主要原因,通过构建影响居民纳税意识的指标体系,对中国香港和中国大陆的各项指标进行比照,分析两地居民纳税意识差异的深层原因。并借鉴中国香港的成功经验,提出增强我国大陆居民纳税意识的对策,这对公共财政的建设和完善具有重要意义。     

CEPA and Pan Pearl River Delta Economic Integration: A Comparative Business Development Perspective

Abstract

The introduction of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) at the beginning of 2004 and, more recently, CEPA-2 has provided a framework for increased business development in the Pearl River Delta area of China and the Special Administrative Regions of Macau and Hong Kong. In particular, the introduction of CEPA may lead to a significant increase in trade between Hong Kong and the neighbouring Guangdong Province.

This paper examines the economic context into which the CEPA provisions have been implemented from an international perspective and it contains an assessment of relevant business development issues, particularly the case of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in mainland China and Hong Kong. Wider issues for direct investment and the role of Hong Kong are also assessed. Experience with the implementation of free trade and associated market developments in other parts of the world is included but it is suggested that such models are of limited use in assessing economic development in the Pan Pearl River Delta Area. It seems that models derived from local practice will be more effective.     

CEPA条件下广东创业投资的发展对策

为了促进香港经济的发展,中国内地与香港签署了“CEPA”协定(更紧密合作伙伴关系安排)。CEPA的签署,对于具有先天经济和地理优势的广东省来说,充分利用香港发达的服务业、创业投资产业,以及作为国际金融中心和资本市场的地位,有利于发展广东的创业投资。本文在分析广东创业投资发展状况和CEPA的影响基础上,从加强粤港创业投资合作、创业板合作以及完善创业投资退出途径等方面提出了CEPA条件下发展广东创业投资的对策。     

关于《CEPA》与香港对外贸易发展的研究

本文围绕《CEPA》为主题,详细描述了《CEPA》的签署历程、特点,并且对《CEPA》签署后香港对外贸易的发展进行了详尽的分析。最后针对《CEPA》尚存在的问题,提出了将来进一步的补充《CEPA》内容的提议,以求使内地与香港的经济、贸易合作关系更加紧密。