财富偏好、习惯形成和消费与财富的波动率

本构造了基于财富和习惯的消费一资产组合投资模型。其中代表性投资的效用函数不但依赖于投资的消费历史，还依赖于其财富水平。本所提出的模型是对Merton(1971)、Bakshi和Chen(1996)、Sundaresan(1989)和Constantinides(1990)的消费一资产组合投资模型的推广。我们使用随机动态规划求解模型。并给出了最优的消费和组合投资规则。我们使用此模型计算了消费与财富的波动率，发现习惯形成和较弱的财富偏好均能导致更加平滑的消费行为，从而解释了消费平滑之谜。     

异质性财富偏好和资产定价

Bakshi和Chen(1996)在代表性投资者经济中提出了基于财富偏好的资产定价模型。本文研究了在异质性投资者经济中财富偏好对资产定价的影响。如果风险资产的价格服从几何布朗运动,那么资产市场具有两基金分离现象。本文首先证明了基于风险基金的资产定价模型,然后使用该模型证明了如果定价的基准是单个的投资者的最优消费和财富时,那么基于财富偏好的资产定价模型成立。但是,当定价的基准是总消费和总财富时,基于财富偏好的资产定价模型不能成立。也就是,不能在异质投资者经济中将Breeden(1979)的经典CCAPM模型推广到包含财富偏好的资产定价模型。     

异质性财富偏好和资产定价

Bakshi和Chen（1996）在代表性投资者经济中提出了基于财富偏好的资产定价模型。本文研究了在异质性投资者经济中财富偏好对资产定价的影响。如果风险资产的价格服从几何布朗运动，那么资产市场具有两基金分离现象。本文首先证明了基于风险基金的资产定价模型，然后使用该模型证明了如果定价的基准是单个的投资者的最优消费和财富时，那么基于财富偏好的资产定价模型成立。但是，当定价的基准是总消费和总财富时，基于财富偏好的资产定价模型不能成立。也就是，不能在异质投资者经济中将Breeden（1979）的经典CCAPM模型推广到包含财富偏好的资产定价模型。     

论主权财富基金的理论逻辑

主权财富基金是国际金融市场一类崭新的有影响力的机构投资者。全球的主权财富基金的现有规模大概在3万亿美元左右。其规模还将继续不断增长。从主权财富基金兴起的原因看,首先,国际货币体系的变革是主权财富基金兴起的根本原因;其次,能源价格上涨是导致主权财富基金规模扩张的重要原因;最后,经济全球化为主权财富基金的运作提供了良好的环境。根据"国家经济人模型",国家在经济发展的初期和高增长阶段,外汇储备迅速增加,国家逐步将盈余财富用于投资。然而,随着生产要素的消耗,国家积累的财富逐步达到顶峰。当国家经济进入富裕导向阶段或稳定低增长阶段时,国家需要消费积累的财富,投资也倾向于无风险资产。目前看,各国设立主权财富基金主要有五方面目标:(1)跨期平滑国家收入;(2)协助中央银行分流外汇储备;(3)跨代平滑国家财富;(4)预防国家社会经济危机;(5)支持国家发展战略。     

房地产价格、财富与居民消费效应——来自中国省际面板数据的证据

通过构建一个包含习惯形成(habit formation)的消费函数,并将财富划分为房地产财富和非房地产财富,利用我国2003—2010年省际面板数据,运用工具变量法考察了房地产财富的短期和长期消费效应。实证表明:我国房地产财富的总体短期消费效应为0.11,长期消费效应则为0.29,消费的习惯形成系数则为-0.97;但从地区效应来看,房价较高的省市并未体现出较高的消费效应。     

马克思的财富及财富创造理论

马克思认为,不论财富的社会形式如何,使用价值总是构成财富的物质内容,资本主义生产方式,使财富由使用价值转化为交换价值.因此,货物和货币都是财富,扩大消费能促进财富增长.信用扩张推动消费支出和投资支出的扩张,而消费支出和投资支出的扩张又极大地推动国民总产值及国民收入的增长,同时也极大地推动了财富的增长.在现代社会中,消费活动和投资活动首先表现为金融活动,或者说表现为信贷活动.金融活动决定消费和投资活动,进而决定财富的增长.我国经济快速增长的实践证明了马克思的这种理论和实践是正确的、科学的、符合经济发展客观规律的.     

资产的财富效应：最新理论文献综述

资产对消费影响的财富效应是国内外经济学研究和宏观决策机构关注的焦点问题。论文对国内外近年来财富效应的相关文献在理论、方法和经验证据上的最新进展进行了评述。综合起来,现有的文献表明：生命周期理论的经典经济学框架可以很好地解释财富效应的存在;众多实证文献支持消费、收入和资产之间存在共同的趋势;在大多数国家财富效应是显著存在的,并且资产对消费的财富效应的影响方式和程度,会因不同的资产和不同的国家而出现不同的结果。     

财富积累、习惯、偏好改变、不确定性与家庭消费决策

在本文中,我们建立了一个相当一般的分析家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的理论框架。使用综合了家庭的当期消费、消费习惯、财富积累、偏好改变多种作用影响的效用函数,在家庭劳动收入具有不确定性的情况下,我们导出了家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的闭式解,给出了家庭消费函数和欧拉方程的解析式。使用中国农村居民的住户调查数据对理论模型中导出的欧拉方程进行估计的结果表明,除了收入和家庭财富以外,消费习惯和预防性储蓄动机确实也都是影响我国农村居民家庭的消费与储蓄决策的重要因素。     

消费习惯、异质偏好与动态资产定价:纯交换经济情形

本文用Chan和Kogan、Bask和Cuoco等的方法考虑纯交换经济下的定价问题,我们引进了两个投资者:一个具有外在性消费习惯;一个不具有消费习惯。我们重点考察消费习惯对投资者的最优消费规则的影响以及对资产价格的确定。此外,我们还考虑了对数效用函数下,消费习惯以差的形式出现的情形下的消费规则和定价问题。我们发现当两个投资者中一个具有消费习惯而另一个不具有该习惯时,消费习惯同时改变两个投资者的最优消费规则、消费动态和财富动态。此时的动态资产定价受外在性消费习惯的影响,即时Sharpe比为常数,并等于同质量经济下的即时Sharpe比。同时,如果考虑对数效用函数下消费习惯以差的形式出现,则即时Sharpe比是时变的,反周期的。     

论消费习惯及其对资产定价的影响

传统的资产定价理论通常假设投资者的效用函数是跨时可加的,并且假设投资者每期的效用由本期的消费水平确定,这就是典型的基于消费的资产定价模型。这种模型所导出的结论遭到实证结果强有力的挑战,其中具有代表性的有“股权溢价之谜”、“消费平滑之谜”和“无风险利率之谜”等。为了解释这些“难解之谜”,一种典型的做法是对传统的跨时可加的效用函数进行修改,消费习惯的引进是其中最具代表性的方法。本文试图对这一方法进行综述,对消费习惯的经济含义进行分析,并进一步分析消费习惯对资产定价的影响     

The dynamics of preference formation

A model is developed and estimated which explains the formation of individual preferences on consumption under the influence of contacts with others (preference interdependence) and own consumption over time habit formation). The model employs a cardinal utility function which can be measured independently of behavioral assumptions. Since preference interdependence has been analyzed earlier, the paper concentrates on habit formation, the preference interdependence component being imputed from an earlier study. Due to data restrictions and measurement error, special econometric provisions must be made. Preference interdependence appears to explain two thirds of individual preferences and habit formation one third.     

Habit Formation, Catching Up with the Joneses, and Economic Growth

Our objective is to investigate how alternative assumptions about preferences affect the process of economic growth. To do this, we analyze a neoclassical growth model under three alternative preference specifications: (i) time separable, (ii) catching up with the Joneses, and (iii) habit formation. Departing from the time separable specification leads to important differences in the dynamic structure, the adjustment path followed by key economic variables, the correlation patterns implied by the time series generated by the model, and the speed of convergence to the new steady state. In the catching up with the Joneses economy the differences arise from a consumption externality, while in the habit formation economy the difference arises from the fact that agents not only smooth consumption but also its rate of change.     

Habit formation and housing over the life cycle

We explore the role of habit formation in housing in explaining the life-cycle household allocations. Empirical studies about households in the U.S. reveal that the housing profile increases monotonically until age mid-60s and then flattens out. The model is realistically calibrated and solved numerically under different habit strength parameters. For all values of the parameter, our model produces lower reduction of housing for the elderly compared to the standard model which does not include habit formation. The amount of reduction in housing in the old ages and the level of housing decrease significantly as habit strength increases. The person becomes more attached to his house with a higher habit strength. Considering intolerance towards housing reductions, one consumes a lower amount of housing in the young ages to be able to maintain it in the old ages. These results suggest that in addition to the transaction costs in house trading, habit formation in housing also has a merit in explaining the preservation of housing for elderly people. Our model improves on the literature by investigating the effects of a habit formation behind household allocations and by reducing the role of transaction costs in solving the housing puzzle of the elderly. It contributes to the literature by using a new model with a deep habit preference form and housing. Our model should be preferred to the existing ones since it provides a richer and more real framework for modeling households.     

Deep habits in consumption: a spatial panel analysis using scanner data

Using scanner data from a large European retailer, this paper empirically assesses deep habit formation in consumption. Deep habit formation constitutes a possible source of price stickiness and helps to mimic procyclical labour and real wage dynamics that are present in macrodata. To gauge the existence and the extent of deep habits in consumption, we estimate a dynamic time–space simultaneous model for consumption expenditure at different levels of product aggregation. This spatial panel model enables us to test for both internal and external deep habit formation at the same time. The former captures inertia or persistence in consumption and is included in the empirical specification as a time lag. The latter captures preference interdependence across households and is captured by a spatial lag. Our results show mixed evidence with respect to internal habit formation, whereas the external habit effect is almost always positive and significant.     

中国居民消费、习惯偏好与资产收益研究

习惯模型是行为资产定价理论的重要组成部分,该模型将经济主体的习惯因素纳入到资产定价之中,由此推进了消费资本资产定价理论的发展。习惯模型已经在欧美等国家和地区得到了广泛研究,而在资本市场蓬勃发展的中国则处于被人遗忘的尴尬境地。本文利用外在习惯偏好模型对我国居民消费、习惯偏好与资产收益进行分析。GMM结果是混合性的,模型可以较好地拟合数据,GMM结果无法否定外在习惯偏好模型,因而无法否定习惯因素在消费与资产收益分析中的重要性。     

习惯形成、收入阶层异质性与我国城镇居民消费行为研究

习惯形成是居民消费变化的一个基本特征，收入阶层异质性是居民禀赋差异的主要体现，本文旨在结合两者探究我国城镇居民的消费行为，以探寻扩大居民消费的方法。基于阶层消费函数理论，运用收入阶层面板SUR的结果显示，居民消费具有显著的习惯形成特征，消费行为呈现异质性，表现为低收入居民的消费习惯较弱、消费倾向较高，中等收入居民的习惯较强、消费较谨慎，高收入居民的习惯较强、地位性消费较活跃。当前“金字塔”形的收入分布、不断扩大但谨慎的中等收入居民、地位性消费的外流抑制了城镇居民消费的扩大，居民消费的相对不足主要是结构性问题。应依据各阶层消费的特点，从供给侧出发构建长效机制，促进低收入居民的收入平稳增长，多方面减弱中等收入居民的谨慎性，并提升国内消费品的质量和档次。     

Growth, habit formation, and catching-up with the Joneses

When habits are introduced multiplicatively in a capital accumulation model, the consumers’ objective function might fail to be concave. In this paper, we provide conditions aimed at guaranteeing the existence of interior solutions to the consumers’ problem. We also characterize the equilibrium path of two growth models with multiplicative habits: the internal habit formation model, where individual habits coincide with own past consumption, and the external habit formation (or catching-up with the Joneses) model, where habits arise from the average past consumption in the economy. We show that the introduction of external habits makes the equilibrium path inefficient. We characterize in this context the optimal tax policy.     

Risky Habits: on Risk Sharing,Habit Formation,and the Interpretation of International Consumption Correlations*

Standard international economic models with life cycle/permanent income consumption behavior predict that international portfolio diversification leads to high bilateral consumption correlations. Thus international consumption correlations have been empirically estimated as a test of international portfolio diversification and risk sharing. In this paper we investigate the international consumption correlations generated by a more general model which incorporates habit formation in consumption. We show that, in the presence of a common shock, habit formation itself can generate positive international consumption correlations even in the absence of any international risk sharing. Empirical evidence presented in this paper suggests habit formation characterizes consumption behavior among most of the G‐7 countries. Thus, the extent of international portfolio diversification may be even lower than that suggested by previous research which studied international consumption correlations.     

Habit persistence and stagnation

Using a money-in-the-utility function model that incorporates habit formation in consumption, we consider the question of how allowing for habit formation affects the possibility of a persistent shortage of consumption. We then contrast the model without habits with a model with habits. The main findings of our analysis are that i) when the degree of habit formation is important, a high degree of habit persistence opens up the possibility of a shortage of consumption, and ii) in the steady state with stagnation, the equilibrium consumption in the model with habit formation is smaller than the corresponding consumption without habits.