Industry Self‐Regulation: A Game‐Theoretic Typology of Strategic Voluntary Compliance

We analyse the possibility of successful industry self‐regulation in terms of the strategic interactions between industry members and government. In particular, this article presents a game‐theoretic typology of generic self‐regulatory scenarios and evaluates these in terms of the resulting likelihood of collective compliance. We discuss the advertising, press and life insurance industries in the UK as examples of the scenarios. Conclusions for corporate and public policy are offered.     

Audio and Visual Distractions and Implicit Brand Memory: A Study of Video Game Players

Utilizing a computerized racing game, the experiment investigates the influence of sensory distractions on implicit brand memory. The results suggest that auditory distraction inhibits retrieval of implicit brand memory, but visual distraction causes no significant effect. The effects of the character's sensory distractions appear only for familiar brands, probably because relatively less attention enhances the interference on implicit memory. Comparatively, novel unfamiliar brands attract more attention, which nulls the character's sensory distraction. Therefore, relatively higher distraction effects on implicit memory occur for familiar brands.     

Negotiating a Stable Government: An Application of Bargaining Theory to a Coalition Formation Model

In this paper, we apply bargaining theory to a certain model of coalition formation. The notions of a feasible government and a stable government are central in the model considered. By a government, we mean a pair consisting of a majority coalition and a policy supported by this coalition. The aim of this paper is to establish which stable government should be created if more than one stable government exists or, in case there is no stable one, which feasible government should be formed if more than one feasible government exists. Several bargaining procedures leading to the choice of one stable (or feasible) government are proposed. We define bargaining games in which only parties belonging to at least one stable (or feasible) government bargain over the creation of a government. We consider different bargaining costs. We investigate subgame perfect equilibria of the bargaining games defined. It turns out that the prospects of a party depend on the procedure applied, and on the bargaining costs assumed. We also apply the coalition formation model to the Polish Parliament after the 2001 elections and apply the different bargaining games for the creation of a government to this example.     

政府拨款博弈中拖延和等靠行为：一个模型分析

文章构造了一个上级政府和下级政府之间的拨款博弈模型来解释观察到的拨款博弈现象。模型表明上级任期和下级类型（财力状况）分布的不同组合,会导致存在拖延和等靠的分离均衡、几乎没有拖延的混同均衡,以及富足下级伪装财力困难而上级随机拨款的半分离均衡;而下级项目的投资效益是影响拨款进度的关键因素。与那些将“拖延”和“等靠”归结为上级工作效率低下的传统观点不同,本文表明,对于一个追求效率的上级,拖延行为也可能因信息不对称而发生。     

Entrepreneurs as Sophisticated Iconoclasts: Rational Rule‐Breaking in an Experimental Game

We analyzed the theoretical relationship between rule‐breaking by entrepreneurs and realized advantage. We tested the tenets of that relationship using an experiment where subjects, including entrepreneurs, compete in a business strategy game where rule‐breaking is possible (but does not directly correlate with benefits). We found that entrepreneurs break the rules more often and realize greater benefits because they break rules in a smarter way. The ability to be sophisticated in rule‐breaking behavior stems from breaking the rules earlier and responding more aggressively to positive feedback. Such actions can create new net value in the economy—reinforcing the idea of entrepreneurship as a social good.     

基于世贸组织谈判的博弈模型对多哈回合前景的分析

本文通过构建一个简单的博弈模型来研究多边贸易谈判的未来前景。揭示出参与世贸组织(WTO)实质谈判和激烈讨价还价的是少数几个跨国集团联盟,随着时间的推移,各谈判集团中的强硬派官员会逐渐增多,当谈判代表全部由强硬派构成的时候,协议很难达成。导致强硬派不妥协的主要原因是各方对农业利益持有零和博弈的观点。谈判恢复和协议的最终达成依赖于各方对农业生产者利益的让步。     

Testing a Measurement Model of Financial Capability Among Youth in Ghana

Youth may benefit from having enhanced financial knowledge and skills and access to financial services to help them navigate transitions to adulthood, though reliable and valid measures of youth financial capability to help assess financial education and inclusion intervention outcomes are lacking. Using survey responses from 5,451 youth ages 12–18 in Ghana, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to assess 18 survey items concerning youth financial behavior and understanding and attitudes concerning financial services. A 12‐item, group invariant scale (α = .72) with three latent factors was retained in a well‐fitting model that may help practitioners assess financial education and inclusion outcomes. We found that six items were poor indicators of youth financial capability, possibly because these items measure other constructs like numeracy, or because these items were not sufficiently assessed for developmental and cultural validity using qualitative methods like cognitive interviewing.     

A Model for Ethical Decision Making in Business: Reasoning, Intuition, and Rational Moral Principles

How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people??s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-so-effective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of long-term business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing. I conclude with implications for further research and ethical decision making in business.     

CtoC电子商务中的信任问题:一个进化博弈分析模型

CtoC作为一种用户对用户的电子商务模式 ,用户间信任关系的存在是使网站业务存续与否的关键 ,适用于大群体博弈分析的复制动态进化博弈模型进一步说明了这一点。要解决网上信任问题 ,一方面要建立网下的个人信用制度 ,发展信用服务中介机构 ,着力推行第三方认证 ,另一方面 ,可在中国现有的状况下 ,通过鼓励同城交易、代收款信用担保服务等方法增进用户间的信任     

It's All in the Game: A 3D Learning Model for Business Ethics

How can we improve business ethics education for the twenty first century? This study evaluates the effectiveness of a visual case exercise in the form of a 3D immersive game given to undergraduate students at two UK Universities as part of a mandatory business ethics module. We propose that due to evolving learning styles, the immersive nature of interactive games lends itself as a vehicle to make the learning of ethics more ‘concrete’ and ‘personal’ and therefore more engaging. To achieve this, we designed and built an immersive 3D simulation game in the style of a visual case. The effectiveness of the game was evaluated using a mixed methods approach measuring recognised and adapted constructs from the technology acceptance model. Results demonstrate that students found the game beneficial to their learning of ethics with the development of knowledge and skills applicable to the real world and that they engaged with the process due to game elements. Findings demonstrate the potential for the development of simulated games to teach ethics at all levels and modes of delivery and the contribution of this type of visual case model as a pedagogic method.     

Basket Composition and Choice Among Direct Channels: A Latent State Model of Shopping Costs

Shoppers of multi-channel retailers often place orders using different channels on different shopping occasions. The differential use of channels is related to both basket composition and channel characteristics, such as the ability of the channel to provide additional information that resolves uncertainty about the purchase. In this paper, we examine the impact of basket composition on the choice among direct channels. We develop a two-stage, shopping cost model with two, latent states. Given a shopping basket, the shopper first decides if she needs additional information about items in the basket. If she is uncertain about the items in the basket meeting her needs, she uses an information rich channel, such as the retailer's website or call center, and risk reduction costs become salient in addition to the other shopping costs. If she does not require additional information, she places her order by choosing among all available channels, and she may incur a welfare loss from making a purchase that does not optimally meet her needs. We operationalize welfare loss with Shannon information and various metrics based on purchase history.Our empirical setting is a data set from a catalog retailer that offers multiple direct channels. Our estimates show that basket composition impacts channel choice. Large baskets shift to the Internet channel, suggesting that the Internet channel has lower ordering costs. High-risk baskets shift to call centers and this suggests that the call center has lower risk reduction costs. Collectively these estimates provide evidence for the notion of channel specialization—some channels are better at addressing certain shopping costs compared to others. Our estimates also show that electronic self-service channels have high initial access costs and a significant learning curve compared to the call center suggesting that these channels might be better suited to heavy users. We use the estimated model to quantify the value of channels, to identify categories that need risk reduction, and to segment and target shoppers for Internet ordering based on basket size and the potential to accumulate experience.     

企业文化方略与消费者文化需求的契合——兼析文化价值是市场竞争中博弈各方关注的焦点

市场经济愈发达,商品流通中的文化价值愈显珍贵,所占份额也愈高.企业文化乃企业之魂,而广告文化则是企业文化重要的组成部分.一种商品能否有市场,最终要看它的质量,看它能否受到消费者的青睐.在激烈的市场竞争中,企业营销成功与否,在很大程度上取决于企业的文化谋略.一个企业的核心竞争力主要表现为企业文化软实力.消费者不断增长的精神文化需求是企业文化方略、企业经营理念、企业营销策划的出发点和归宿.     

FOCUS: Using a Computerised Game in Teaching Business Ethics

Games have become a standard tool in management education. The authors have cooperated on developing just such a teaching aid for business people and management students interested in playing the business game ethically. Dr Higginson is Director of The Ridley Hall Foundation, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, CB3 9HG and Geoff Moore is Principal Lecturer at Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST.     

农产品区域公用品牌的经济学解析:一个基于声誉的信号传递模型

虽然当前农产品区域公用品牌建设在我国开展得如火如荼,但理论界对此尚存在争议.文章通过构建一个基于声誉的信号传递模型,对农产品市场引入区域公用品牌的价值进行解析.模型分析结果表明农产品生产者主要以户为单位,经营规模小、注重短期收益,同时消费者对品牌农产品的支付意愿不商,导致我国农产品市场品牌农产品供给不足,农产品市场由于信息不对称而陷入低质量均衡.因此,为保障农产品市场品牌的有效供给,需要政府对农产品品牌建设给予扶持.与对新注册农产品商标进行补贴相比,扶持农产品区域公用品牌建设是一种更优的制度安排.     

企业集团内外市场结算及内部转移定价的博弈分析

运用博弈论的基本原理,对企业集团内部各利润中心在销售和采购时是采用集团内部结算还是均针对整个外部市场,以及在相互结算时到底是采用以市场价格为基础的内部转移价格还是采用以总成本或变动成本为基础的内部转移价格的决策过程进行系统分析。结果表明,企业集团内部各利润中心在内外部结算的选择和内部转移价格的制定决策上是一种兼顾整个企业集团以及自身利益的理性选择过程。     

A Real Case Application of Game Theoretical Concepts in a Complex Decision-Making Process: Case Study ERTMS

Group Decision and Negotiation - Engineering systems are complex, amongst others due to the interdependencies between actor and technical aspects. This complexity has consequences for the way of...     

我国财政货币政策组合变动的理性预期效应——基于MS-DSGE模型

从历年国务院政府工作报告总结我国财政货币政策取向组合的变迁规律,得出2008—2017年为积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策、积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策两种取向组合的样本区间,且可用经济主体预期的马尔科夫过程刻画。将符合马尔科夫区制转换的政策规则植入含政府部门的新凯恩斯模型,用Maih(2015)开发的RISE软件对MS-DSGE模型进行参数估计和模型求解,通过脉冲响应分析剥离出宏观经济政策不确定性效应,发现经济主体预期的宏观经济政策不确定性会显著影响货币政策冲击、通胀目标冲击和自然利率冲击的效果。因此,政策当局应及时对未来宏观经济政策的取向做出承诺或有效沟通,在预期管理到位的情况下,实现对宏观经济的精准调控。     

中间产品贸易、技术溢出与发展中国家的工资差距:一个理论框架

中间产品贸易的技术溢出是国际贸易影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的一个重要机制。本文构建了一个理论框架,从中间产品贸易及其技术溢出效应的角度解释发展中国家相对工资差距不断扩大的现实。发展中国家从技术前沿的发达国家进口资本和技术密集型的中间产品,一方面可以使发展中国家间接地分享国际先进的R&D资本;另一方面给发展中国家带来了技术学习和模仿的机会。由于资本与技能的互补性和技术学习的技能偏向性,中间产品进口使发展中国家增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,从而扩大了熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间的工资差距。