“碳关税”：贸易保护的“新马甲”？

中国商务部新闻发言人姚坚口前明确表示，美国将要实施碳关税的作法违反世界贸易组织的基本规则，是以环境保护为稻，行贸易保护之实。     

碳关税对中国经济的影响和应对策略分析

在金融危机不断加深的背景下,2009年3月17日,美国能源部长朱棣文,在美国众议院科学小组会议上称,为了避免使美国制造业处于不公平竞争状态,美国计划对进口商品征收碳关税。从而引起了全球范围内的对碳关税的争议。     

碳关税：全球金融危机下的新型绿色壁垒

美国通过征收碳关税的法案以来,“碳关税”成为国际社会关注的热点。征收碳关税不仅违反WTO基本规则,还违背《京都议定书》的原则,实质是“以环境保护之名,实施绿色贸易壁垒”。本文在分析碳关税由来和实质的基础上,结合已有研究论述碳关税对我国对外贸易、宏观经济、能源密集型产业可能带来的影响。最后,论文分层次探讨了我国应对的策略。     

贸易政策和气候变化：低碳经济的国际视角——以碳关税为例

气候变化日益成为全球问题。贸易通过规模效应、结构效应和技术效应影响全球气候变化,但以碳关税为代表的贸易政策并非有效缓和气候变化的工具,其实质是新型的绿色贸易壁垒。碳关税的最终实施迫切要求中国转变发展方式,向低碳经济转型。结合中国目前现实情况,应尽快实施碳税和建立与国际接轨的碳交易市场。     

中国如何应对“碳关税”的挑战

在国际金融危机的背景下,美国通过了对包括中国在内的不实施碳减排限额国家的进口产品征收碳关税的法案。本文在探究美国此举动机的基础上,分析了美国施行这一措施将对我国出口贸易造成的影响,进而针对这一议题提出相应的对策和建议。     

低碳时代我国应对“碳关税”贸易的路径思考

随着全球步入绿色环保的低碳时代,西方发达国家先后提出了"碳关税"的概念。本文认为碳关税措施是发达国家贸易保护主义新兴的表现形式。碳关税对我国低碳经济的发展既有正面的促进作用,又有负面的消极作用。我国应从国际与国内多个层面积极应对,一方面对自我进行合理的约束,另一方面要对发达国家的贸易保护主义予以坚决的回应和抵制。     

碳关税影响我国出口贸易的机制分析

近几十年来,环境保护问题已经越来越引起人们的关注,同时国际社会对环境保护的要求也逐渐提高。然而,随着这股浪潮的兴起,一种全新的贸易保护手段也逐渐开始走进人们的视野,这就是近几年来备受关注的“碳关税”。文章认为,碳关税将通过提高出口成本、改变出口结构、恶化出口环境等途径影响我国出口贸易。因此,我国可通过加强技术的研发和创新、构建合理的碳税制度、降低外贸依存度、积极参与多边谈判等措施降低碳关税对我国出口贸易的影响。     

碳关税对中国出口导向型经济的影响

随着哥本哈根峰会的召开,世界各国的发展都出现了碳排放问题,因而碳关税得到了各国重视,同时也成为了各国进行贸易保护的有力武器。中国是主要的碳排放国家之一,其中出口产品的隐含碳占总排放量的32%³4%,所以征收碳关税会使中国经济面临更大的冲击,尤其从欧盟开始对中国征收碳关税起,这种冲击效应就一直考验着中国的经济发展。所以,本文应用GTAP模型对碳关税与外向型经济的关系进行了分析研究,旨在深刻了解碳关税对我国经济的冲击强度,同时寻找解决办法。     

碳关税对我国贸易的影响及应对策略

贸易保护措施历来就是附着在新概念和新措施之上不断更新和涌现的.当前,气候变化日益严峻,低碳经济受到重视,但如果贸易保护主义者以气候变化为幌子,借低碳经济之名,行贸易保护之实,则全球经济将受到严重影响.本文从碳关税着手,思考碳关税对全球减排的有效性,分析碳关税在多边贸易规则下的地位,讨论碳关税名义下的贸易保护主义对我国贸易的影响及我国的应对措施.     

碳关税对我国出口贸易影响研究

主要阐述碳关税的概念及实质,对碳关税的合法性进行分析,同时分析发达国家征收碳关税的实质以及对我国的影响,并提出解决措施。通过理论分析与实例分析相结合的方法,通过具体的例子来阐述复杂的理论,最终提出我国应对碳关税的具体方案。     

碳关税:新的绿色贸易壁垒抑或WTO环境保护豁免

有鉴于国际气候变化谈判和条约制定屡遭挫折这一事实,WTO现行法律规则和争端解决机制能够成为判断并纠正单边环境立法行使贸易保护主义之实的有力救济。在判定碳关税是否构成隐形的"绿色壁垒"时,GATT第20条(g)款以及前言部分的规定最有可能成为争端解决机构运用的根本性指标。要获得WTO环境保护条款的豁免,碳关税在设置和实施过程中需符合一系列严格的法律要求。同时,中国出口产品在遭遇发达国家碳关税壁垒时,亦可根据该条款有针对性的质证该措施的立法动机和具体实施环节。归根结底,中国应积极运用WTO法律规则和争端解决机制,保障本国出口产品市场的稳定性和可预期性。     

The EU Response to US Trade Tariffs

The greatest challenge for the EU in trying to identify an optimal response is understanding the motives behind the US strategy.The rhetoric, and more recently also actions, of the current US administration on trade and the global multilateral system are a real threat to the process of globalisation. While the costs are not immediate, they will materialise and they will be hard to revert.     

Carbon,Trade Policy and Carbon Free Trade Areas

This paper discusses both the potential contribution that trade policy initiatives can make towards the achievement of significant global carbon emissions reduction and the potential impacts of proposals now circulating for carbon reduction motivated geographical trade arrangements, including carbon‐free trade areas. We first suggest that trade policy is likely to be a relatively minor consideration in climate change containment. The dominant influence on carbon emissions globally for the next several decades will be growth more than trade and its composition, and in turn, the size of trade seemingly matters more than its composition given differences in emission intensity between tradables and non‐tradables. We then note that differences in emissions intensity across countries are larger than across products or sectors and so issues of country discrimination in trade policy (and violations of MFN) arise. We next discuss both unilateral and regional carbon motivated trade policy arrangements, including three potential variants of carbon emission reduction based free trade area arrangements. One is regional trade agreements with varying types of trade preferences towards low carbon‐intensive products, low carbon new technologies and inputs to low carbon processes. A second is the use of joint border measures against third parties to counteract anti‐competitive effects from groups of countries taking on deeper emission reduction commitments. A third is third‐country trade barriers along with free trade or other regional trade agreements as penalty mechanisms to pressure other countries to join emission‐reducing environmental agreements. We differentiate among the objectives, forms and possible impacts of each variant. We also speculate as to how the world trading system may evolve in the next few decades as trade policy potentially becomes increasingly dominated by environmental concerns. We suggest that the future evolution of the trading system will likely be with environmentally motivated arrangements acting as an overlay on prevailing trade and financial arrangements in the WTO and IMF, and eventually movement to linked global trade and environmental policy bargaining.     

就业保护与美国贸易保护新阶段

美国贸易政策取向是特朗普总统就职以来备受关注的核心议题之一。基于对贸易与就业关系问题的传统认知,特朗普力主以就业保护为核心的贸易保护政策,将美国制造业就业机会减少归因于贸易,主张购买美国货,雇佣美国人是解决就业问题的路径,认为美国受到贸易伙伴国的不公平对待,主张对那些与美国有贸易顺差的国家实施贸易限制,美国贸易政策渐入保护主义新阶段。虽美国贸易决策机制存在对总统独立推行贸易政策主张的政治和经济性约束,但美国贸易政策的就业保护倾向短期内难以改变,贸易协定的谈判也将愈加艰难。     

碳关税征收对双边贸易的预期影响——基于中美两个碳经济大国的微观分析方法

文章用微观经济分析方法,基于中美两个碳经济大国的视角分析了碳关税的征收对双边贸易的预期影响。分析结果为:美国征收碳关税,短期内会由于美国进口需求减少和其他不被施加碳关税国家的价格优势导致中国出口量下降;长期中出口商需要提高价格来补偿技术投入的支出,国际价格上涨将进一步导致需求降低,贸易量减少;同时碳关税征收将导致出口国贸易条件恶化,社会福利损失;而进口国可能由于贸易条件的改善在短期内获得收益。     

Trade,Tariffs and Total Factor Productivity: The Case of Spanish Firms

The aim of this paper is to examine the sensitivity of total factor productivity (TFP) to foreign competition in the case of a European country. Using the Olley and Pakes method, we calculate the TFP of Spanish manufacturing firms and study the impact of EU tariffs and the presence of foreign products and imports on TFP at the firm level. Applying the System‐GMM method, we find that TFP is negatively impacted by European tariffs, whereas competition in the form of the increased presence of foreign products in the domestic market and firm imports leads to improvements in the TFP. Moreover, these two effects are complementary. We also find evidence of important asymmetries among firms depending on their involvement in foreign markets.     

中国企业如何应对新的贸易保护壁垒

加入WTO以来,新贸易保护壁垒给中国企业带来了很大的冲击。新的贸易壁垒比传统的关税壁垒保护程度更大,更难以逾越,具有很高的灵活性,导致我国出口企业竞争力下降,在全球竞争中处于很不利的地位,在这样竞争的格局中,我国政府应制定进入国际市场的竞争战略。     

Carbon Border Adjustment and Other Trade Policy Approaches for Climate Protection

Intereconomics - The idea of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is crucial to level the playing field between domestic producers and foreign suppliers of carbon-intensive products.     

《京都议定书》机制下碳贸易与环保制约的协调

《京都议定书》实施计划涉及国际碳贸易与环境保护协调问题,环保通过成本对碳贸易产生影响,对于经济可持续发展是有效的。中国循环经济的发展要求必须处理好国际产业转移与国家能源结构调整的关系,合理利用市场机制与政府作为的双效作用,为《京都议定书》第三轮承诺期谈判做好准备。     

Trade Policy Flexibilities and Turkey: Tariffs,Anti‐dumping,Safeguards and WTO Dispute Settlement

The commitment to lower import tariffs and to maintain tariffs at low levels entails political‐economic trade‐offs. Empirical work examining the relationship between such commitments and the ‘flexibilities’ that policymakers exercise to get around them is still relatively nascent, especially for emerging economies. This paper provides a rich, empirically based assessment of ways that Turkey exercised trade policy flexibilities during the global economic crisis of 2008–11. First, and despite multilateral and customs union commitments that might limit changes to its applied tariffs, Turkey exercised flexibilities during 2008–11 by making changes to both its applied MFN and preferential tariffs that could affect nearly 9 per cent of its manufacturing imports. Second, Turkey's cumulative application of temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies – that is, anti‐dumping, safeguards and countervailing duties – is estimated to impact an additional 4–6 per cent of Turkey's manufacturing imports by 2011. Other surprising results include Turkey's lengthy extensions to the duration of previously imposed anti‐dumping and safeguards beyond expected removal dates, conversion of product coverage from one TTB policy to another, extensive coverage of upstream and downstream segments of important industries and potential deepening of discriminatory preferences already inherent in existing preferential trade agreements.