The Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The objective of this paper is to assess the problems and prospects of sustainable tourism development in developing countries with special reference to the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both secondary and primary data sources, this paper points out that tourism in developing countries does not always adhere to the principles of sustainable tourism development. In the Okavango Delta, the tourism industry is designed to meet the interests of tourists from developed countries and is dominated by foreign safari companies. The tourism industry in the Okavango Delta does not significantly take into consideration the sociocultural, economic and environmental needs of the host economy. It is characterised by: the marginalisation of local companies and investors; leakages and repatriation of tourism revenue from Botswana to developed countries; the failure of tourism to promote rural development and poverty alleviation; and, the failure to observe local environmental regulations to conserve the Okavango Delta as a natural ecosystem. This paper argues that, despite these problems, such destinations have the potential to contribute to sustainable tourism development. This requires a planning process that satisfies the needs of tourists and tour operators while being sensitive to the sociocultural, economic and environmental needs of host countries and destinations.     

论农村旅游开发的资源凭借

本文通过对江西安义古村旅游开发和浙江奉化腾头村现代农村旅游开发的比较分析,认为农村旅游开发的资源凭借主要是农事活动、农村聚落、农民生活、农业生态、农业收获物等农村事务要素的综合构成。     

Tourism,Marketing and Sustainable Development in the English National Parks: The Role of National Park Authorities

This paper examines the work of the English National Park Authorities (NPAs) in relation to aspects of the development of sustainable tourism. The NPAs have implicitly sought to achieve sustainable tourism development since the parks were first designated, striving to balance the needs of visitors and the environment within the context of living, working landscapes. Studies have revealed, however, that some NPAs are not fully championing sustainable tourism development. The paper examines the NPA's use of marketing and marketing perspectives in encouraging sustainable tourism, exploring attitudes, roles and activities. A diverse, piecemeal and sometimes underinformed approach is revealed. The paper concludes with ways forward for English NPAs and for other protected area management organisations.     

乡村旅游利益主体研究--以成都市三圣乡红砂村观光旅游为例

乡村旅游的兴起和发展,对我国改变农村二元结构,推动城乡一体化战略产生了积极的推动作用.但是,我们应当注意到,乡村旅游的利益主体复杂,随着乡村旅游数量和规模的不断发展,不同利益主体之间的矛盾也日渐显现.因此,只有从战略的眼光审视、规划和管理乡村旅游,加强利益主体的协调与合作,寻求利益主体更多、更广泛的利益共同点,走旅游可持续发展的道路,我国乡村旅游才可能深入持久发展,城乡一体化、构建和谐社会的战略目标才能实现.     

可持续旅游开发多中心管理模式研究——以湖泊旅游为例

旅游开发必须建立在科学的管理模式下,才能确保资源环境的可持续利用.而作为常见的旅游开发形式,湖泊旅游具有较强的环境敏感性和生态脆弱性.本文以此为着眼点,系统论述了可持续目标下的旅游开发过程中的多中心管理模式,阐明了各行为主体的职能与关联,并就我国当前湖泊旅游开发管理的若干关键问题提出了建议和对策,尤其深入地针对一些流行观点进行了再认识.     

基于地方实践的旅游发展与乡村振兴:逻辑与案例

我国长期以来存在城乡发展不均衡和乡村发展不充分的问题。新时代背景下",乡村振兴"战略直面乡村社会发展困境,以乡村的多维发展重塑合理的新型城乡关系。文章基于对旅游发展推动乡村振兴内在逻辑的探讨,借助傣族园村寨、双廊村、天龙村、落水村和明月村等多案例研究,具体分析旅游推动乡村在不同维度上的振兴实践,研究认为:旅游发展为乡土空间重聚发展主体,将各类经济生产要素注入乡村,实现乡村在经济层面的产业结构多元化和空间多功能化,文化层面的物质文化保存与修复和精神文化的调适与再造,治理层面的内生自组织治理优化和网络治理的构建与深化,有效缓解甚至逆转乡村多重危机;同时,旅游发展在推动乡村各层面发展的过程中释放乡村居民的自主性,构建地方和外部力量的互动场域,共同推动乡村实现"新内生性发展"和持续振兴。研究有助于进一步理解旅游发展与乡村振兴的多元内在关系,为我国乡村地区尤其是西部地区的乡村振兴和贫困消除提供指导。     

环境旅游与文化旅游紧密结合--贵州省乡村旅游发展的前景和方向

本文紧紧围绕乡村旅游发展的方向——环境旅游与文化旅游紧密结合这个主题,从乡村旅游的基本概念和本质特征入手,就乡村旅游的市场特点和发展趋势进行了分析．并对如何开发贵州省乡村旅游产品进行了分类讨论,指出环境旅游和文化旅游紧密结合是贵州乡村旅游可持续发展的基本要求．贵州省乡村旅游只有沿着环境旅游和文化旅游紧密结合的方向前进,才有希望把贵州省建设顾国内、乃至国际著名的乡村旅游胜地。     

Sustainable Tourism Using Regulations,Market Mechanisms and Green Certification: A Case Study of Barbados

Tourist destinations are under market pressure to offer a green product, including the Caribbean, one of the world’s most tourism-dependent regions. A decade after the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States convened in 1994, sustainable tourism remains a priority for Caribbean countries. This paper, using Barbados as a case study, attempts to establish if sustainable tourism policy existed, if so, how was it being implemented, and if not, what were the main areas of weakness. It found that although there was a vacuum in sustainable tourism plans and policies, the government was indirectly influencing sustainable tourism through regulatory mechanisms such as land use and infrastructure planning and market instruments. Additionally, industry was playing its part through voluntary compliance with green certification. There was a clear indication of government-industry cooperation. However, despite these measures and approaches, key infrastructure was inadequate, environmental impact assessments for potentially damaging tourism projects were not required by law and public participation was weak. The paper concludes that there are challenges for Barbados and other similar SIDS in attaining sustainable tourism in the long haul.     

The Role of Food Tourism in Sustaining Regional Identity: A Case Study of Cornwall,South West England

This exploratory paper examines the role of food tourism in developing and sustaining regional identities within the context of rural regeneration, agricultural diversification and the creation of closer relationships between production and consumption in the countryside. It focuses on Cornwall, South West England, an area with rural development issues, increasing tourism impacts and contested issues of regional identity. A literature and policy analysis, and in-depth interviews with 12 restaurateurs, were undertaken in four popular tourist locations. Correlation was found between increased levels of food tourism interest and the retention and development of regional identity, the enhancement of environmental awareness and sustainability, an increase in social and cultural benefits celebrating the production of local food and the conservation of traditional heritage, skills and ways of life. The paper draws attention to three issues: the role of food tourism in increasing tourist spending, the potential role of food tourism in extending the tourist season, and the re-examination of food tourist typologies within a sustainability framework.     

旅游开发中旅游吸引物权的制度化路径与实践效应--以“阿者科计划”减贫试验为例

国内有关"旅游吸引物权"的研究大多止步于理论探讨,而旅游地却存在大量旅游吸引物权益缺失的发展困境。文章尝试将"旅游吸引物权"学术概念进行落地运用,通过一场持续3年的旅游减贫试验,探索出旅游吸引物权在中国制度情境下的制度化路径,解析其实践效应。研究发现:(1)旅游吸引物权的产权建构需要首先从结构层面建立兼顾分配和资源保护意义的制度规则体系,制度规则背后的核心运行逻辑是经济利益调节。(2)制度结构建立后,再从能力与文化层面建构多方主体对旅游吸引物权表达与实践的理解和认知,重点是在认知范畴上建立产权共识。(3)旅游吸引物权建构所需的制度、能力与文化培育可由多方外部主体援助完成,但援助的目的是催发原住民的主体性。发展乡村旅游不一定需要大资本进驻,地方政府的政策支持、适量的资金投入、产权建构的技术援助,足以带动原住民参与旅游发展。其中,地方政府作为土地产权的决定性主体,对旅游吸引物权的理解、授权与支持是开展产权建构的根基性条件。需要指出的是,文章的旅游吸引物权建构是对各个构成物要素凝结的共有性、整体性旅游吸引价值的产权关系进行系统表达,本质上是不改变现有构成物的"名义产权"制度,利用制度多元逻辑引导多方主体改变产权认知观念与结构,在认知范畴上建立关于新增的旅游吸引价值的"事实产权"。     

可持续旅游发展的价值依据比较

本文追溯了可持续旅游发展观在不同学科中的理论渊源,分析了可持续旅游发展的不同价值诉求,探讨了基于功利价值、正义价值或良心价值等不同价值基础之上的可持续旅游发展.环境与发展经济学、旅游社会学、旅游人类学的部分流派的理论范式和研究方法可以为旅游发展提供现实的、可操作的指导,体现了对功利价值的追求.旅游社会学和旅游人类学的主要流派理论密切关注旅游的社会、政治及文化影响,体现了对正义价值的追求.而环境伦理和生态伦理学则更多地考虑了整个生态系统的和谐发展,体现了对良心价值的追求.     

乡村旅游开发中农业景观特质性的保护研究

农业景观的特质性是农耕活动千百年演变积累下来的人地关系,表现为所在地域自然环境特征与人文地理特征叠加的土地形态,是具有生产、生活、生态“三生”功能的景观系统.在乡村旅游开发过程中,若缺乏对农业景观特质性全面、深入的认识,盲目采用城市景观建设方法来指导农业景观的建设,将导致农业景观特质性核心价值的消失与乡土特色的丧失.农业景观资源的科学旅游开发利用已经成为亟待研究的重要问题.文章首先分析乡村旅游开发中的农业景观特质性保护和开发利用面临的主要问题,然后依据农业景观特质性的“三生”功能,提出整体性、资源可持续发展、地域分异与协调共生原则以及农业景观特质性的系统保护模式,并以广东南海西樵旅游开发中西樵山七星村的传统特色农业景观“桑基鱼塘”有机再生为例,分析如何在旅游开发中实现农业景观特质性的有效保护和可持续利用.     

试论我国乡村旅游标准化发展历程及体系架构

文章系统地梳理了我国乡村旅游标准化的定义、发展历程和特征,在对现状和发展趋势认知的基础之上,并结合现有乡村旅游标准存在的问题,提出我国乡村旅游标准体系构架的总体目标,及构建包括基础标准、综合标准和技术标准等内容的我国乡村旅游标准体系架构。     

Tourism in the Gambia: problems and proposals

This paper analyses the development constraints which confine The Gambia to being one of the poorest countries in the world. The programmes designed to reduce these constraints are outlined. In particular, tourism is identified as an appropriate development strategy. Using primary data, tourism in The Gambia, its development and administration are described in some detail. Althoiugh a prima facie case can be made extolling the virtues of tourism in that country, the industry is beset by a range of problems. The juxtaposition of the country's growing reliance on tourism against increasing stagnation in the sector is a focus of particular concern. Constraints in the tourism sector are identified in the spheres of policy formulation and implementation, capital investment, human resource endowment, existing and potential tourist markets, seasonality issues and product resource base. For each constraint identified, a management strategy is proposed. In essence, the article is an advocation of sustainable tourism development for The Gambia based on long-term holistic planning, including appropriate resource development, community involvement, education and training.     

低碳旅游:一种新的旅游发展方式

随着人类生态文明建设进程的推进,低碳经济、低碳技术、碳汇机制、低碳消费方式正日益影响和诱导着人类的生产和消费方式。旅游作为人类文明进步的产物,具有响应低碳经济模式、运用低碳技术、推行碳汇机制、倡导低碳消费方式的先天优势。以营造低碳旅游吸引物、建设低碳旅游设施、培育碳汇旅游体验环境和倡导低碳旅游消费方式为主要实现路径的低碳旅游发展方式,是旅游响应低碳经济发展方式的具体行动,为生态文明新时代背景下的可持续旅游发展方式提供了新的发展指向。     

The Evaluation of Sustainable Tourism Development by Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Set Theory: An Empirical Study on the Green Island in Taiwan

Sustainable tourism development (STD) has recently become a tourism management guideline. STD meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems (World Tourism Organization, 2004, Concepts & Definitions: Sustainable Development of Tourism Conceptual Definition. Retrieved 12 August 2004 from http://www.world-tourism.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html). The purpose of this study is to propose an evaluation procedure of STD and illustrate how it can be applied empirically to a specific destination. Green Island in Taiwan, which lies in the Pacific Ocean, was selected to act as our empirical case due to its rich resources but threatened sustainability. First, we collected indicators of STD from the literature about small islands. Second, the Delphi technique was used to refine and identify the final indicators for STD evaluation according to the characteristics of our study case. Third, we calculated the criteria weights by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process after constructing the evaluation criteria hierarchy. Finally, the measurement of performance corresponding to each criterion was conducted under the setting of fuzzy set theory. The results illustrate that our empirical case still needs more work in order to achieve its goal of sustainable tourism development. We also provide some managerial implications for the stakeholders such as tourism authorities, tourism businesses, local communities and academics.     

皖南古村落可持续旅游发展限制性因素探析

皖南古村落通过发展旅游业带动社会和经济发展,是增强自身能力的现实选择,而只有遵循可持续发展原则,才能真正实现旅游发展与古村落发展的“双赢”。目前,皖南古村落旅游发展中存在一些不利因素,如旅游开发、经营和管理粗放;资源保护、利用与旅游发展关系不协调;旅游发展与社区发展的联系不紧密等,势必限制自身可持续旅游发展的进程。本文尝试在可持续旅游发展原则的指导下,对皖南古村落旅游发展中的一些限制性因素进行分析和总结。     

区域旅游可持续力分析的修正方案--以安徽龙岗古镇为例

可持续力的研究是进行区域旅游开发的重要依据，但现有区域旅游可持续力分析模型在一定程度上还存在缺陷，主要是忽视了区域自身的调整能力。本文试图提出一个具有修正意义的评价体系，并以安徽龙岗古镇为例进行了实证研究。     

Transitions to Sustainable Tourism Mobility: The Social Practices Approach

In this article, we argue that current research on sustainable tourism mobility can be divided roughly into two streams. One covers primarily the organisational and technological side of tourism mobility, while the other concentrates on travellers' attitudes. To date, these streams have been organised as separate bodies of research. There is much to be gained by being able to create linkages between the two. To do this, tourism research will have to develop a less generalised and more context-specific approach to travelling behaviour. In this paper, the Social Practices Approach is suggested as an interesting conceptual tool to interrelate current approaches. By giving greater consideration to the contextual dimension of tourism practices, citizen-consumers might be mobilised more effectively as change agents. To analyse the potential roles of citizen-consumers in transition processes towards sustainable tourism mobility, two citizen-consumer-led change processes are differentiated. The first is directed at tourists in their consumer-role, by providers developing sociotechnical innovations enabling and tempting tourists to behave more sustainably, and by incorporating consumer-logics in supply. Second, tourists can be mobilised in their role as citizen-consumers through processes of sub-politics, social movements and political consumerism.     

基于Agent的景区游客行为仿真建模与应用——以颐和园为例

我国旅游景区内部客流管理一直以来都没有得到应有的重视。通过对颐和园景区"五一"小长假和"十一"黄金周客流持续2年的实际观测,采用基于Agent的仿真建模方法,构建了游客到达、游客移动、游客停留等景区游客基本行为模型及其仿真运行环境——基于Agent的景区游客行为仿真系统。系统的正确性验证表明,仿真系统的输出数据能够反映景区各停留点游客数量的真实情况;系统的灵敏性验证表明,入口游客数、游客在景点的停留时间以及流向景点方向的客流量3个参数能够引起仿真系统各景点游客数量的灵敏变化。所建系统能够预测景区客流的时空分布,能够通过变换仿真参数值进行各种客流调控措施的仿真实验,并给出具体调控参数以支持景区管理者的客流管理实践。