美元贬值对中国进出口企业的影响及对策

美元下跌之势难抑,国际外汇市场风险加剧。美元的贬值影响到以美元计价商品进口成本的提高,从而压缩了企业利润水平,容易诱发新一轮的贸易保护和贸易摩擦。人民币采取盯住美元有管理的固定汇率制度,美元贬值使人民币被动贬值。在长期实行的结售汇制定下,企业调整外汇净头寸的能力非常差,汇率波动对净头寸造成的损失是巨大的。中国应加强对未来汇率变动趋势的预测和把握,从根源上铲除被诉反倾销的隐患。     

资产减值会计处理与会计信息质量要求

会计信息的谨慎性作为会计的一个重要惯例,要求报告提供者向使用者尽可能提供可发生的风险损失信息,而资产减值的确认直接关系到企业资产成本的真实性,对投资者的决策具有重要影响作用。国务院《企业会计准则第8号一资产减值》,对资产减值确认、资产减值计量、资产减值的报告与会计信息质量制定,都作出了详细规定,有力地促进了我国资产减值的会计处理向全面、科学的方向发展。     

资产减值会计处理与会计信息质量要求

会计信息的谨慎性作为会计的一个重要惯例,要求报告提供者向使用者尽可能提供可发生的风险损失信息,而资产减值的确认直接关系到企业资产成本的真实性,对投资者的决策具有重要影响作用。国务院《企业会计准则第8号—资产减值》,对资产减值确认、资产减值计量、资产减值的报告与会计信息质量制定,都作出了详细规定,有力地促进了我国资产减值的会计处理向全面、科学的方向发展。     

物价和汇率的决定的一般均衡分析——对人民币“内贬外升”现象的解释

物价和汇率是相互影响的。汇率对物价的影响比较简单:本币升值导致物价下跌。有效需求和物价对汇率的影响则比较复杂:在需求冲击的情况下,有效需求对汇率的影响是"两可"的,物价对汇率的影响是"单一"的(减函数);在供给冲击的情况下,有效需求对汇率的影响是"单一"的(减函数),物价对汇率的影响是"两可"的。需求冲击、供给冲击以及需求和供给同时冲击会导致物价和汇率的组合发生变化。其中,在四种情况下会出现货币"内贬外升"现象。     

Into the Mussa puzzle: monetary policy regimes and the real exchange rate in a small open economy

Industrial countries moving from fixed to floating exchange rate regimes experience dramatic rises in the variability of the real exchange rate. This evidence, forcefully documented by Mussa [Nominal exchange regimes and the behavior of real exchange rates: evidence and implications. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 25 (1986) 117], is a puzzle because it is hard to reconcile with the assumption of flexible prices. This paper lays out a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that combines nominal price rigidity with a systematic behavior of monetary policy able to approximate a continuum of exchange rate regimes. A version of the model with complete exchange rate pass-through is broadly consistent with Mussa’s findings. Most importantly, this holds independently of the underlying source of fluctuations in the economy, stressing the role of the nominal exchange rate regime per se in affecting the variability of the real exchange rate. However, only a model featuring incomplete exchange rate pass-through can account for a broader range of exchange rate statistics. Finally there exist ranges of values for either the degree of openness or the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign goods for which the baseline model is also consistent with the empirical insensitivity of output volatility to the type of exchange rate regime, as documented by Baxter and Stockman [Journal of Monetary Economics 23 (1989) 377].     

汇率制度的福利分析:述评与展望

梳理汇率制度福利分析的文献发现:汇率制度选择理论是汇率制度福利分析的理论起点.新开放经济宏观经济学的跨时均衡分析是汇率制度福利分析的方法论基础,不同汇率制度的福利效应比较是汇率制度福利分析的核心内容.从消费者剩余、生产者剩余及其综合形成的社会净福利考察汇率制度福利效应是其基本研究视角.文章在此基础上提出构建一个通透的汇率制度福利论框架的设想.     

Exchange-Rate Volatility,Exchange-Rate Regime,and Trade in OIC Countries

The authors examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) countries from 1995 to 2008 using panel estimations to distinguish differences between disaggregate trade, and examine its threshold effects. Results reveal that exchange rate volatility generally has significant negative effect on export and import with lag. However, exports of OIC with flexible exchange rate regime have significant positive exposure to exchange rate volatility. The authors also document a threshold effect for countries with trade value constitutes more than 30% of the real gross domestic product, and the exchange rate volatility becomes significant positive for export but significant negative for import with lag.     

External liabilities and crises

We examine the determinants of external crises, focusing on the role of foreign liabilities and their composition. Using a variety of statistical tools and comprehensive data spanning 1970–2011, we find that the ratio of net foreign liabilities to GDP is a significant crisis predictor. This is primarily due to the net position in debt instruments—the effect of net equity liabilities is weaker and net FDI liabilities seem, if anything, an offset factor. We also find that: i) breaking down net external debt into its gross asset and liability counterparts does not add significant explanatory power to crisis prediction; ii) the current account is a powerful predictor; iii) foreign exchange reserves reduce the likelihood of crisis more than other foreign asset holdings; and iv) a parsimonious probit containing those and a handful of other variables has good predictive performance in- and out-of-sample. The latter result stems largely from our focus on external crises sensu stricto.     

贸易模式、汇率传递与人民币汇率安排

结合中国现行贸易模式的特点,文章从社会福利最大化目标入手,采用了新政治经济学中关于汇率制度战略选择的研究方法,对进一步扩大人民币汇率弹性和汇率升值的影响进行了分析.研究发现,加工贸易和一般贸易对汇率变动的反应弹性差异很大,不同国际贸易模式下的汇率传递系数是不同的.因此如果我国现行对外贸易依然以加工贸易为主,扩大汇率波动幅度在理论上并不会对我国社会福利产生严重影响.研究结果进一步支持加大汇率弹性更有利于丰富货币政策当局的工具选择范围,有助于国内货币政策独立性的保持,也有助于推进出口产业的结构调整和升级.是当前人民币汇率制度改革方向的合理选择.     

Choice of Exchange Rate Regime in a Selection of African Countries

Abstract

An exchange rate regime has an important impact on macroeconomic policies within developing countries and therefore essential in macroeconomic policy formation. The main research question is to determine how the variety of determinants would influence the exchange rate regime choice for a selection of 19 African developing countries. A distinction is made between three groups of variables, namely economic fundamentals, economic stabilization aspects and currency crises factors, all affecting a country’s exchange regime choice. The probability of these determinants is then estimated to establish whether the selected countries would choose a fixed, an intermediate or a flexible exchange regime.     

汇率制度选择问题的理论之争及评析

汇率制度的选择是国际金融领域的重要理论问题一在对“固定”与“浮动”、“两极”与“中间”两种汇率制度选择理论上的争论进行评述的基础上,文章认为,汇率制度的选择是一个受多种因素影响的动态体系,汇率制度选择是一国具体情况的相机抉择,任何一种汇率制度都不可能适合于所有国家和一个国家的所有时期。     

两岸四地建立中元区的可行性研究——基于OCA指数的分析

在最优货币区理论和最优货币区指数方法的基础上,本文创建了两岸四地最优货币区指数模型,并对中国大陆、香港、澳门和台湾地区1992-2003年间的实际情况进行检验,指出影响两岸四地双边汇率波动的主要因素是实际产出增长率差异、双边贸易联系和通货膨胀差异。在这个基础上,综合评估了两岸四地实行货币合作的经济成本。结论为在两岸四地建立中元区是可行的。文章最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

外汇储备、人民币汇率与货币错配:基于SSM的实证分析

本文选取1985-2009年我国货币错配指数、外汇储备总额、人民币实际有效汇率和人民币汇率制度作为研究样本,构建状态空间模型(SSM)。由此得出结论:人民币汇率是影响我国货币错配程度的最主要因素;人民币汇率、汇率制度以及外汇储备额均为货币错配指数的格兰杰原因;浮动汇率制度更能缓解货币错配风险。     

Persistent real exchange rates

Three well known facts that characterize exchange rate data are: (a) the high correlation between bilateral nominal and real exchange rates; (b) the high degree of persistence in real exchange rate movements; and (c) the high volatility of real exchange rates. This paper attempts a joint, albeit partial, rationalization of these facts in an environment with no staggered contracts and where prices are preset for only one quarter. There are two key innovations in the paper. First, we augment a standard two-country open economy model with learning-by-doing in production at the firm level. This induces monopolistically competitive firms to endogeneize the productivity effect of their price setting behavior. Specifically, firms endogenously choose not to adjust prices by the full proportion of a positive monetary shock in order to take advantage of the productivity benefits of higher production. Second, we introduce habits in leisure. This makes the labor supply decision dynamic and adds an additional source of propagation. We show that the calibrated model can quantitatively reproduce significant fractions of the aforementioned facts. Moreover, as in the data, the model also produces a positive correlation between the terms of trade and the nominal exchange rate.     

Fixed exchange rates and trade

A classic argument for a fixed exchange rate is its promotion of trade. Empirical support for this, however, is mixed. While one branch of research consistently shows a small negative effect of exchange rate volatility on trade, another, more recent, branch presents evidence of a large positive impact of currency unions on trade. This paper helps resolve this disconnect. Our results, which use a new data-based classification of fixed exchange rate regimes, show a large, significant effect of a fixed exchange rate on bilateral trade between a base country and a country that pegs to it. These results suggest an economically relevant role for exchange rate regimes in trade determination since a significant amount of world trade is conducted between countries with fixed exchange rates.     

人民币汇率制度改革的动态博弈分析

文章从国内和国际两个层面上建立了人民币汇率改革的完全且完美信息动态博弈模型,采用逆推归纳法归纳总结了各种条件下人民币汇率博弈中构成子博弈完美纳什均衡的策略组合,并在此基础上分析了促成2005年人民币汇率改革的条件.结论是:人民币汇率的调整以及调整的幅度和速度,主要取决于以中国政府为代表的一方与以美国政府为代表的另一方的相互利益博弈的结果.     

Exchange rate regime and external adjustment: An empirical investigation for the US

This paper analyses the relationship between the US net external position and the exchange rate regime. I find a structural break in the US net external position at the end of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates that changed both the mean and variance of the series. On average, the US changed from a creditor to a debtor position and the variance of the external position increased during the floating period. This increase is to a large extent due to the valuation component of external adjustment that accounts for 54% of the variance of the US external position during the floating period but only 29% during the fixed exchange rate period. Further analysis shows that the exchange rate regime mainly affects the valuation channel of external adjustment. There is also evidence of another structural break in the US external position around the time of the introduction of the euro. Finally, I document asset pricing implications from the relationship between the exchange rate regime and the external adjustment process, as external imbalances predict the foreign exchange once the exchange rate regime is taken into account.     

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度的互动协调分析

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度相互作用、相互协调.一方面,市场化汇率制度是资本项目可兑换的前提和基础;另一方面,资本项目可兑换决定均衡汇率,并促进汇率制度弹性化和市场化.随着中国经济不断发展和日益融入国际经济体系,中国应进一步开放资本项目,相应地逐步增大汇率制度的弹性空间,最终实现资本项目可兑换和浮动汇率制度.     

我国国际资本流动影响因素的实证研究

本文对1982-2004年期间我国的国际资本流动状况及其影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:我国国际资本流动存在着数量上波动性和方向上双向性之特点,其主要影响因素是人民币汇率预期,其次是物价水平和名义汇率,而利率因素的影响并非显著。其政策含义是,在当前内外经济条件下,人民币升值并非可举之策;但在长远,资本流动的双向性决定了浮动汇率制度是我国汇率制度改革的必然选择。     

汇率改革对浙江省重点行业企业出口的影响研究

人民币汇率形成机制改革后,汇率已逐渐成为影响企业生产经营的重要参数。本文在调查汇改后浙江重点行业企业主要情况的基础上,分析了汇率风险对不同行业企业出口的影响及企业应对汇率风险的主要手段,解释了企业的生存能力,并提出了相关的对策建议。