R&D and the patent premium

We analyze the effect of patenting on R&D with a model linking a firm's R&D effort with its decision to patent, recognizing that R&D and patenting affect one another and are both driven by many of the same factors. Using survey data for the U.S. manufacturing sector, we estimate the increment to the value of an innovation realized by patenting it, and then analyze the effect on R&D of changing that premium. Although patent protection is found to provide a positive premium on average in only a few industries, our results also imply that the premium varies across industries and with firm size. Patent protection also stimulates R&D across all manufacturing industries, albeit with the magnitude of that effect varying substantially.     

我国化工领域专利申请现状、问题及对策

目前我国已经建立起包括专利受理、审查、管理和执法在内的专利工作体系，专利制度在维护市场经济秩序、推动技术创新和经济基础发展中的作用日益显。     

浅谈药物警戒的发展与应用

随着对人们对药品安全问题的日益关注,一种新的药品安全监管制度一药物警戒逐步发展起来？本文主要介绍药物警戒的历史沿革,开展药物警戒的研究方法以及圉内、外药物警戒的发展状况.加强药物警戒建设能够有效的保障药品安全,促进医药产业的发展。     

Cellular manufacturing: the development of the idea and its application

This article charts the development of the idea of cellular manufacturing (CM) from its beginnings to its present status as a general organizational principle. Using survey data and a case study, an assessment is made of the application of CM and its trends for the future, especially from the human resources perspective.     

论煤层洗选特性与选煤厂设计的结合

本文结合选煤厂和煤炭贮运设施设计过程中的注意事项,通过对煤层各种洗选特性的分析论证,提出了一种如何获得工程设计基础资料的方法,并论述了前期合理的基础论证设计对工程建设的重要性。     

论设计艺术的发展趋势

设计艺术的发展推动了人类物质与精神文明的进步,人类社会的衍变也无时无刻地影响着设计艺术的轨迹。设计艺术对科技、社会文化变革的适应及可持续发展的可能性,形成了其进步的要素与架构。     

On the role of telecommunications in development

Numerous studies document the relationship between telecommunications and economic development. The main types and relative merits of these are summarized. The paper argues that more of the same will do little to help promote accelerated telecommunications investment in developing countries as needed. Rather, the efforts should now mainly concentrate on conveying existing sector knowledge to governments and international agencies. The paper focuses on examples of simple, proven tools which can be used to supplement telecommunications project analysis for this purpose.     

Types and functions of social relationships in the organizing of an international joint venture

This paper examines the use of social relationships in the organizing of a business network in the case of an international joint venture (IJV) developing over time. The organizing process and the multicultural setting of the international joint venture emphasize the actions of and interactions between individuals from various organizations. The IJV-managers' use of their social relationships in business organizing is explored through analysis of narratives of IJV-managers in a longitudinal single case to provide empirically grounded theory. From the in-depth interviews with IJV-managers the business relationships are identified as characterized by four possible levels of interpersonal relationships whose type influences the functions of the relationships and visa versa. One business relationship may contain only one or many of these interpersonal levels and an effective business relationship contains the appropriate interpersonal level for the business issue at hand.     

APPLE: A dynamic financial simulation of research and development in a technologically based business

This paper describes the present state of development of an abstract, dynamic, financial model of industrial research and development called APPLE. The concept, structure and application of APPLE as a practical tool are presented. The application of APPLE to help strategic planning and to increase understanding of the nature, influence and role of research and development is described.     

关于矿产资源的综合利用与可持续发展

矿产资源的合理利用和可持续发展,都是以提高对资源的节约利用和减轻对环境的影响为前提的。无论是什么时期,必须坚持＂在开发中保护,在保护中开发＂的方针,以及＂开发与节约并举＂的原则。     

螺旋钻机技术在露天煤矿的应用及其研究进展

露天煤矿到界边坡压煤的回收问题,一直是国内外关注的热点问题。近年来,随着螺旋钻机性能的不断改进及地质力学问题的研究进展,螺旋钻机开采(Auger Mining)作为延长露天     

海外勘探新项目的经济评价方法发展与应用

目前海外勘探新项目评价主要采用折现现金流法,该方法属于确定性的经济评价方法,难以充分体现并规避勘探项目的诸多风险因素和不确定性,影响最终投资决策.结合以往在勘探项目评价过程中遇到的问题,建立了充分考虑勘探项目勘探程度、地质风险和商业风险的系统评价体系和投资决策评判指标.对于中-高勘探程度的项目,将期望经济价值法/决策树法作为勘探新项目主要的评价方法;对于勘探程度特别低、战略性、前沿性的风险勘探项目,通过构建风险系数矩阵以地质评价为主.     

药物经济学在新药研发领域中的介入及应用现状探讨

随着新药研发过程的日益复杂,如何合理配置医药资源、降低研发费用、避免新药研发的风险成为世界政府和医药企业共同面对的难题。药物经济学作为一门新兴学科,其目的就是用最小的成本来获得最大的效益,在药品定价、新药研发中发挥着重要作用。本文主要研究药物经济学在新药研发中的作用,以分析与药物经济学的关系入手,进而阐述国内外医药企业在新药研发中药物经济学的应用现状,最后提出措施来推动我国医药企业在新药研发中对药物经济学的应用。     

Triggers for virtual customer integration in the development of medical equipment — From a manufacturer and a user's perspective

Virtual customer integration (VCI) involves customers throughout all stages of the new product development process. Firms across industries have started to experiment with virtual user integration and expect to utilize their knowledge, creativity, and judgment. However, little research exists that looks at the motivations of customers and managers to engage in virtual product development projects. In this paper we try to identify the triggers for virtual customer integration (VCI) from the manager's as well as from the customer's perspective. Using Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior we aim at explaining managers' motivation for the adoption of VCI based on a sample of 104 managers engaged in the product development process of manufacturing firms of medical technology. Drawing on motive research, we test six categories of customer motivations to engage in VCI projects on a sample of 105 users of medical technology. The results show that for mangers subjective norms and attitude predict the intention to use VCI. For customers, interest in innovation and product improvement are the most important drivers, whereas monetary compensation and prestige are not significant, and surprisingly the desire to help people even has a negative impact on the participation of VCI.     

QFD—linking the customer to the product development process as a part of the TQM concept

LKAB is one of the world's leading sup-pliers of advanced iron ore products. Its most important markets are the blast furnace based steelworks of Europe. As a result of customers' demands for ever-better products, LKAB has begun to apply Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to its product development pro-grammes. QFD, originally developed in Japan, is a technique which utilises a series of matrices to translate customers' requirements into technical specifications that the producer can use. So far the methodology has mainly been used in the manufacturing industry, with very few applications in process industry.
When launching its QFD project, LKAB began by making strenuous efforts to acquire credible and relevant customer data. Experience after one year's work has been encouraging; the QFD technique has proved to be an effective instrument for feeding customers' requirements into the product development process. In addition, it serves as a guide to setting priorities for research projects. The technique promises to become an established tool in the cornpany's Total Quality Management programme.     

住宅产业发展的结构主义观点分析

章采用结构主义的观点,应用投入产出分析原理,解释了住宅产业成为国民经济新的增长点的客观条件。在此基础上,综合分析了结构主义观点指导中国目前住宅产业发展的启示。提出中国住宅产业发展的关键是科技进步,并且应该根据产业发展的阶段进行科技进步类型的选择。最后,还阐述了推动住宅产业发展中的技术结构、产业组织和企业角色等因素。     

河南煤炭工业实施“走出去”发展战略的思考

河南省煤炭工业的发展对河南省经济发展起着举足轻重的作用，如何顺应大趋势，把握大先机，抢抓大机遇，实施“走出去”发展自己，实现煤炭工业可持续发展，为中原的崛起做贡献，是煤炭工业发展当务之急。     

转基因技术在我国生物制药领域的应用与发展

转基因技术在制药业中具有广阔的发展前景,我国的基因制药行业已经初具规模,但与世界发达国家存在差距,主要表现在具有自主知识产权的产品较少,产业规模小、经济效益低,目前,基因制药产业面临着历史性的机遇,主要表现在政府支持、资源丰富、基因信息公开、国际交流增加等方面．提高自主开发能力、保护基因资源是当前亟待解决的问题,同时,应加强对基因制药领域技术壁垒的研究与准备。     

Assessment of profiles in R & D: a tool for analysis and development of R & D potential

A study sponsored by the State Committee for Science and Technical Progress of Bulgaria aimed at providing a theoretically sound and easy to apply method for the needs of R & D management on government, organization and team levels, to be used in assessing and managing both present and future R & D potential.
The method draws inferences about R & D potential from the accumulated experience and performance of the researchers, analysed along research topics. A specific 'man-topic unit of analysis helps identify individual researchers, teams and projects' profiles and also helps translate the specific characteristics of R & D work and the requirements for R & D internal effectiveness into the language of R & D management.     

‘Mainline’ telecommunications infrastructure, levels of development and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of developing countries

This paper assesses the growth impact of telecommunications infrastructure investment in developing countries by subjecting country-specific data on mainline tele-density and per capita growth to a Granger causality test within a panel cointegration framework. The results suggest that growth effects vary widely across country groupings reflecting different levels of development. Mainline tele-density and per capita growth strongly reinforce each other for countries that are relatively less developed. The reinforcement effect is even stronger for emerging countries that can be identified by their higher than average growth rates. In contrast, there is, at best, weak evidence of bi-directional causal links between the two variables for countries that are relatively more developed. These differences in the mainline tele-density and per capita growth relationships suggest that investment in telecommunications infrastructure, with its potential to generate high growth return, may serve as the critical tool for driving the growth and development process forward in the less developed countries.