激发与再造农村自生能力是新农村建设的前提条件

本文针对我国广大农村的现状，提出农村自生能力概念，通过阐述农村普遍缺乏自生能力，再造农村自生能力问题是农村改革绕不过去的深层次问题，推进体制创新为再造农村自生能力创造适宜环境等命题，论证激发和再造农村自生能力是新农村建设的逻辑出发点，激发和再造农村自生能力是新农村建设的前提条件，其中体制创新、落实国民待遇是关键，在此基础上，新农村建设才能得到可持续发展。     

乡村振兴战略背景下公主岭市农民合作社自生能力提升路径

乡村振兴战略对于推动农村经济发展、提高农民生活水平具有重要意义。农民合作社作为乡村振兴的重要组织形式，在实现农民增收、促进农业现代化方面发挥着关键作用。基于此，文章以乡村振兴战略为背景，探讨了公主岭市农民合作社自生能力提升的路径。在概述公主岭市农村发展现状的基础上，介绍了农民合作社自生能力的概念、特点以及其在乡村振兴中的作用和意义。通过对公主岭市农民合作社的现状分析，发现其在组织结构和经营模式方面面临挑战，提出提高农民合作社的管理水平，推动农民合作社的多元化发展，加强农民合作社与政府、企业的合作等相关策略，以期提高农民合作社的自生能力、盈利能力和可持续发展能力。     

农业龙头企业的自生能力：重要性、评判思路及政策建议

为了引领农业产业化、乡村振兴和农业农村现代化，带动农民就业增收，各级政府积极扶持农业产业化龙头企业发展。因此，选择具有引领、带动能力的龙头企业显得十分重要。本文认为，“自生能力”是龙头企业发挥作用的决定性因素，在重点龙头企业认定和运行监测中需要着重考察。建议国家重点龙头企业认定和运行监测办法中把龙头企业“自生能力”明确列入认定考察的重要方面和运行监测的考察内容。     

中国农业绿色发展：创新与演化

农业绿色发展演化是一个循序渐进、日积月累的过程，它的外生干预主要以创新形式出现。创新会增强农业绿色发展的自生能力、共生能力与和谐能力：技术创新提高农业绿色发展的自生能力；组织创新提高农业绿色发展的共生能力；制度创新激发人们的创新活力和规范人们的行为，协调人与人、当代人与后代人、人与自然的关系。本文以现实中的案例，论述创新对生态系统保护以及农业绿色发展自生能力、共生能力与和谐能力演化的影响。中国生态补偿始于中央政府的纵向生态补偿，但横向生态补偿对生态补偿制度的贡献会更大且走得更远。要按市场化、绩效化和社会化原则进行生态补偿创新，解决按面积发放生态补偿资金无法激励参与者的问题。绿色发展伊始阶段需要以政府为主导，但不宜停留在这个阶段。以市场和民众为主导有利于提高权利与责任的对称性和绿色发展的协调性，民众需要有展示他们贡献的工具。     

国有森林资源型企业可持续发展研究

着眼于森林资源型企业的狭义概念,国有森林资源型企业具有"三重性"、长寿性、管理体制的政企合一性等特殊性;从产业结构、就业结构、企业素质和活力、资源以及体制等方面,分析了国有森林资源型企业现实发展中的困境,结果表明:国有森林资源型企业可持续发展的本质,是不断增强企业可持续发展的自生能力;这种能力包括森林资源的持续利用与合理开发、经济素质和管理体制的提高以及承担一定的社会责任。据此,提出了促进国有森林资源型企业可持续发展的对策:科学培育与合理开发利用森林资源;增强企业素质和活力;增强企业的社会责任意识;强化技术创新;实施管理创新。     

简论三峡库区移民开发的资源及环境可持续开发利用

简述三峡库区移民开发的资源及环境状况，分析三峡库区蓄水后对资源及环境的不利影响及有利影响。提出三峡库区移民开发的资源及环境可持续开发利用的原则：以移民为本原则。落实“两个调整”、“两个防治”政策的原则，科技开发原则，可持续发展原则，分享三峡工程效益原则，全社会关注和支持原则。提出相应的对策：完善库区可持续发展的有关规划及其政策法规，建立库区资源及环境的可持续开发利用机制，提高库区防灾减灾能力，加快库区产业结构调整步伐，建立符合可持续发展要求的新型库区经济结构体系，进一步推进三峡库区环境建设，做好保护库区资源及环境基础工作，提高库区人口素质和提高库区服务水平。     

构建林业可持续发展支持体系的探讨

“实施可持续发展战略，是关系中华民族生存和发展的长远大计”。林业的可持续发展是国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分和重要内容，也是国民经济可持续发展的基础。１９８７年世界环境与发展委员会（WCED）把“可持续发展”明确定义为“既能满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展”。１９９６年３月，江泽民同志曾指出：“所谓可持续发展，就是既要考虑当前发展的需要，又要考虑未来发展的需要，不要以牺牲后代人的利益为代价来满足当代人的利益”。林业可持续发展不仅是指保护动物种群和植物种群的多样性，同时…     

可持续发展的关键是提高人口素质

中国社会科学院学部委员、中国人口学会常务副会长田雪原日前应邀参加“岭南大讲坛·学术论坛”，作了关于“人口素质与可持续发展”主题报告。他在报告中指出，走可持续发展之路是我国建设社会主义现代化的历史使命，可持续发展的基本问题就是实现人口、资源、环境的协调发展，实施可持续发展战略的关键就是要不断提高人口素质，只有人口素质得到不断的提高，整个社会的可持续发展才会有坚实的保障。     

中国农业可持续发展战略新探（下）

5、突破农业可持续发展的重点：发展营养强化技术，确保民众食物安全。 农业可持续发展的一个战略重点任务就是确保国家和民众以粮食安全为基础的食物安全。稳定确保国家和民众食物安全，农业可持续发展就具有可靠的条件。为此，需要树立新食物安全观和探索可持续的食物安全技术途径。这里，提出一个新观点和新技术，即通过发展食物营养强化技术，提高食物安全水平和增强农业可持续发展能力。自FAO上世纪60年代首次敲响世界“食物安全”警钟以来，其内涵不断延伸和深化，     

推进户籍制度改革促进农村人口城市化进程

一、我国的户籍制度是重工业优先发展战略的产物 中华人民共和国成立以后，为了迅速实现国家工业化，我国采取了“重工业优先发展战略”。这个战略目标集中反映在“一五”和其启的各个五年计划中。由于重工业资本密集的特征与当时中国资本稀缺的资源禀赋状况形成矛盾，重工企业在完全竟争的市场环境中不具备自生能力。为了保证重工业优先发展，需要政府创造以人为压低利率、汇率、能源和原材料价格、工资和生活必需品价格为特征的扭曲性宏观政策环境，实施以计划和行政手段为特征的资源配置制度。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.