“四化同步”下的农村土地经营模式探索——基于广东湛江的实践

工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化等"四化同步"的不断推进,将推动城乡之间要素相互融合、实现优化配置。处于"四化"交集的农村土地经营模式也将发生变革。在分析农地利益相关者改革愿望的基础上,对湛江农村土地经营创新的四种模式,即土地综合整治模式、土地规模化经营模式、承包经营权资本化模式和土地流转模式的做法、效果和问题进行了分析。结果显示,村集体经济组织是农村土地经营模式创新的组织保障,农地所有权、承包权和经营权实现分置是土地经营制度创新的产权基础,而保障农民的发展权是实现土地创新的群众基础。     

中国农村土地制度变革与农业绩效

“三农”问题的核心是农民问题 ,而农民问题的核心是土地问题。建国五十多年来我国农地制度演变的过程和特点给予我们重要的启示 :个人化程度高、产权明晰的土地制度是有效率的。赋予农民长期而稳定的土地经营权并使其资本化、物权化、法律化 ,突出产权结构中土地承包权的核心地位 ,应该成为我国农地制度创新的基本方向。土地经营权的强化和农地制度创新中农民主体地位的确立 ,必然使农地制度的具体表现形式呈多样化特征。这既符合制度变迁的效率特征 ,更符合目前中国农村不平衡的社会经济发展状态和农地资源禀赋条件的区域差异     

设立农地发展权的必要性

土地发展权是国家土地权利的一种类型,土地发展权包括国有土地发展权和农村土地发展权.农地发展权在过去很长一段时间里淹没在土地所有权中.随着社会经济的发展土地需求的增加国家对土地利用的控制进一步增强这一权利的社会实现和价值体现逐步增强才逐渐为各利益主体和社会所认识.然而目前国内农地发展权的探讨还处于初级阶段本文对农地发展权进行了一些理论的分析和探索.     

中国农地资本化流转风险分析

农地资本化流转是实现中国农业现代化的必然途径。农地资本化流转风险主要有：农地用途改变,影响粮食安全的风险;产权权能缺位,强制农民流转的风险;盲目推进规模化,经营风险失控的风险;资本化流转的市场风险。化解农地资本化流转风险的对策有：加强对流转农地的监管、推进农地确权、构建“三位一体”的农地流转市场、弱化农地的社会功能。     

城乡统筹发展中农地资本化途径与保障制度探析

农地资本化是农地产权的资本化。农地资本化以优化农地资源配置,促进城乡统筹发展为目的;以坚持农地集体所有,严格土地用途,用活使用权为原则。目前,农地使用权资本化途径较多,实际还应推进集体建设用地非农资本化经营和农地承包经营权退出补偿制度;而农地所有权资本化途径主要体现为农地征收、征购、平等交易等。农地资本化要顺利健康推进,促进城乡统筹深入全面发展,还须在农地产权制度、农地市场、技术与人才、社保体系等方面构建起保障制度体系。     

新时期农村土地股份合作制探析

农村土地股份合作制的局限性表现为农地产权不完善影响农地股权稳定性;区域发展不平衡影响农地股份合作发展;农地股份合作制内部机制存在弊端;农地股份合作制缺乏法律保障。加强农村土地股份合作制度建设,必须增强农民土地处置权能;赋予农民土地资产性权利;确保农民土地使用权长期化。     

产权管制、土地财政及经济增长关系的理论与实证——以河南省1998-2011年的数据为例

农地产权管制是土地财政的根本成因,这将对土地财政影响的分析限制在经济增长方面.理论分析表明,产权管制使地方政府获得土地财政,而土地财政虽然在短期内会通过工业化、城镇化和公共支出促进经济增长,但不利于长期增长,随着农地产权稀殃的增加,农地产权管制和土地财政的负面影响将会越来越大,本文的实证研究支持了这一结论.因此,在肯定农地产权管制和土地财政对经济增长积极作用的同时,应该对其负面效应足够警惕.为了保持长期增长,应该逐步放松政府对农地产权的管制,减轻地方政府对土地财政的依赖.     

城镇化背景下农村土地流转问题探究——以广西武鸣区为例

农村土地流转中农地流转意愿低下,产权不清晰,流转市场不规范,流转法律法规不健全,农村社会保障体系落后等这些问题损害了农民在土地流转过程中的权益,制约了我国农村土地健康有序的流转.应加强农村土地产权确认,保障农民合法权益;建立健全农村土地流转市场,降低农地交易成本;完善农村社会保障体系,弱化农地保障功能;加大对农业的财政补贴,降低农业生产成本;健全农地流转法规政策,保证农地流转有法可依.     

中国小农农地产权制度变迁与现代转变

中国小农农地产权制度变迁形成了极强的路径依赖性,小农农地产权制度赋予了农民一定土地权益.但其不利于现代社会化生产,趋于强化二元经济结构的锁定状态.土地承包制实际是传统小农农地产权制度路径的回归,其在一定产权效率下促进了农村经济发展,但土地承包制的产权制度约束了城乡一体化发展,而推进农地产权的资本化改革,促进农地市场化、规模化运作是农地产权现代转变的根本途径.所以要推进小农农地产权制度的现代转变还须进行产权界定保护、政府职能转变、市场机制构建、户籍制度改革和社保体系健全等配套制度建设.     

设立农地发展权的必要性

土地发展权是国家土地权利的一种类型,土地发展权包括国有土地发展权和农村土地发展权。农地发展权在过去很长一段时间里淹没在土地所有权中。随着社会经济的发展土地需求的增加国家对土地利用的控制进一步增强这一权利的社会实现和价值体现逐步增强才逐渐为各利益主体和社会所认识。然而目前国内农地发展权的探讨还处于初级阶段本文对农地发展权进行了一些理论的分析和探索。     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

研发过程模型优化——研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型研究

本文拟通过对三个现有研发过程模型的评述,结合其他相关文献的回顾以及当前企业界所能够提供的技术服务,对研发过程模型予以优化,并尝试提出了‘研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型”来探讨“知识在研发过程中究竟是如何运作的”的问题,以期能够为当前的企业界和学术界的研发过程运作模式的完善提供有益参考。