别让法律在集体土地违法行为面前失语

随着城市的扩张,农村土地价值越来越高,在利润的驱使下,农村集体土地上的各种违法建设活动层出不穷,国土部门拥有的执法权已不能对此形成有效的遏制,《土地管理法》及其相关法律规定已经呈现出较为严重的滞后性. 法律适用混乱 根据《土地管理法》的规定,农村集体土地上的违法建设行为主要包括四种:一是第73条违法将农用地改为建设用地建设,二是第74条非法占用耕地建设,三是第76条非法占用土地建设,四是第77条农村村民非法占地建设住宅.     

村干部收支现金现象应制止

近年来,村民来信来访反映较多的就是村主要干部有经济问题。从我们对15个村财务收支审计中发现,凡是村主要干部有经济问题的,都有一个共同的特点,就是直接经手村集体现金的收支。这些村主要干部包揽了村会计、出纳之职,自己收钱、管钱、花钱,既是经手人,又是审批签字人。会计、出纳形同虚设,出纳成了票据保管员,会计成了记账员,失去了应有的监督职能。　　村主要干部直接经手现金收支,不仅破坏了村级财务管理制度,导致财务上的混乱,而且容易出现许多漏洞,使集体经济遭受损失。　　一、少报漏报集体收入。村主要干部自己经手收…     

农村公款私存的行为应予以制止

在清理农村财务中,我们发现一个突出的问题,就是公款私存。即将村合作经济组织(村委会)的集体资金用个人名义存入银行、信用社。据对锦西市1442个村调查,1990～1991年有65个村有公款私存现象,占村总数的4.5％,金额达29.6万元,占这些村帐面存款金额45％。公款私存特点有三:一是定期     

集体土地市场运行模式应符合的原则

集体土地市场运行模式应符合的原则肖乃金，周仙涛集体土地市场在广大农村，特别是城郊结合部已非常活跃。我们认为现在不是讨论集体土地市场存在不存在、集体土地进不进入市场的问题，而是要应当研究如何规范、培育集体土地市场，而研究集体土地市场的运行模式，则是首当...     

应制止农村合作基金会以贷收息

应制止农村合作基金会以贷收息据调查，部分农村合作基金会因逾期借款余额上升，应收未收利息增加，导致经济效益差。有的合作基金会向借款欠息户投放新的借款，用于回收借款欠息户所欠借款利息。这样做有害无利：一是掩盖了合作基金会经营效益差的问题。二是用新投放的借...     

村民异地建房使用集体土地也应实行征用

村民异地建房使用集体土地也应实行征用袁治强许多交通闭塞、经济比较落后的农村村民纷纷走出自己的家园，到集镇和公路沿线经商办企业，为繁荣农村经济，加快集镇建设与发展起到了很好的促进作用。但同时也给用地管理带来了新问题。村民异地建房使用集体土地应当怎样办理...     

应尽快对集体土地房屋拆迁与补偿立法

现行的《土地管理法》只对征收农村耕地或其他土地所引发的各种补偿费等做了较为详细的规定,但对于征收集体土地所涉及的农村房屋如何拆迁和补偿问题没有作出明确规定。在无法可依的情况下,实践中通行的将集体土地上房屋按照地上附着物等同对待的不规范做法,引发了很多争议。     

逃避、抗拒渔业行政执法检查的违法行为应从重处罚

【案例提示】本节通过一案例,对逃避、妨碍、抗拒渔业行政执法人员检查的违法行为适用从重处罚的情况作了介绍。并就从重处罚的裁量适用。以及渔政监督管理机构与公安边防部门对违法当事人关联的违法行为并用处罚的有关问题作了分析。     

对食品违法行为应采取从高从严处罚的高压态度

对不法食品生产者和经营者应采取在法定幅度内从高从严处罚的高压态度。例如,执法机构根据《食品安全法》第85条规定对不法行为人并处货值金额五倍以上十倍以下罚款时．就可以根据不法行为的具体情节处罚到货值金额的九倍甚至十倍。     

制止金融业不正当竞争

制止金融业不正当竞争张革随着国有专业银行的转轨及外资金融机构的进人，金融业竞争日趋激烈。激烈竞争的同时，不正当竞争行为也应运而生。如何运用法律手段调整金融业的不正当竞争行为呢？金融业的不正当竞争行为是否适用《反不正当竞争法》的规定？笔者拟从金融业的特...     

Rural household incomes and land grabbing in Cambodia

This paper empirically quantifies environmentally augmented rural household incomes in Cambodia and analyzes how economic land concessions (ELCs) affect such incomes. Data is derived from a structured survey of 600 randomly selected households in 15 villages in three study sites in Cambodia, where local livelihoods are highly reliant on access to land and natural resources, supported by qualitative data from focus group discussions. Gini coefficient decomposition, multiple regression models, and propensity score matching (PSM) models were employed to analyze the composition of income portfolios, determinants of major income sources, and the impacts of land grabbing on incomes. Results documented high reliance on environmental income (32–35% of total household income) and farm income (51–53%) across income quartiles; demonstrated the variation in product composition across quartiles and the contribution of each major product to income inequality; and identified the main household characteristics influencing absolute and relative incomes. ELCs were found to consistently have negative impacts on household total income, environmental income, size of available cultivable land and livestock holdings, and increasing the distance to forests. The total household annual income subjects to ELCs were estimated to decrease by 15–19%. While providing some employment opportunities, we find no evidence of positive income effects of ELCs on households in the areas where ELCs are located.     

集体建设用地隐性流转问题研究

●随着城市化进程的加快,许多农村集体建设用地,尤其是城市近郊的农村集体建设用地,其中包括农民宅基地,市场隐性流转量逐年增大,已经成为不争的事实。●经济发展和城市化进程的加快,土地自身的价值利益的驱动,集体建设用地面临的大调整、再配置格局和我国当前对集体土地权利的政策倾向等,是集体建设用地隐性流转的主要成因。●隐性的集体建设用地流转,带来了一系列的问题:土地市场秩序受到严重干扰,集体土地资产和国家土地收益严重流失,农民集体利益也难以得到保障。●应构建集体建设用地流转新机制,引导集体建设用地流转进入规范化轨道。     

我国农村集体土地安全问题浅思考

农村集体土地安全作为我国国家安全的重要组成部分,当前暴露出的问题十分突出;从界定农村集体土地安全的概念入手,揭示了现阶段我国农村集体土地在数量、质量和生态方面面临的主要安全问题;提出了保障我国农村集体土地安全的对策建议。     

Redefining property rights over collective land in the urban redevelopment of Shenzhen,China

Urban development in China is based on two types of land ownership, namely, state land owned by states and collective land owned by village collectives. Legally speaking, urban development must be based on state land. In practice, informal development based on collective land has played important roles in the rapid urbanization process over the past decades. Nonetheless, the vague property rights over collective land have led to inferior and suboptimal development outcomes in expansive urban areas. The redevelopment of collective land has become an important means to sustain urban development in an ongoing urbanization process. By adopting theoretical perspectives from New Institutional Economics, this study presents an integrated conceptual framework on the institutional arrangements of land property rights and transaction costs to understand the changes in land policies and their institutional implications for the redevelopment of collective land in Shenzhen, China. The findings reveal that the new policies have redefined the relationship among the government, village collectives, and real estate developers as well as their property rights over collective land. The change of institutional arrangements in land property rights has significantly reduced the transaction costs in the redevelopment process and effectively promoted land redevelopment activities.     

Reconciling moral and legal collective entitlement: Implications for community-based land reform

This paper discusses the drawing and contesting of social boundaries in the enactment of collective land rights, and the implications for land reform policies based around the notion of ‘community’ entitlement. Drawing on recent research in the crofting areas of Scotland, the paper explores the tensions arising when legal collective rights—or proposed changes to them—do not coincide with perceived moral claims to land. Examining the enactment of existing collective rights demonstrates how contested moral assumptions underpinning crofting identities, discourses and land use practices qualify and disqualify individuals as members of an imagined ‘crofting community’, and shape de facto access to and control over land-based resources. Some of the key policy implications of these findings are discussed with particular reference to Scottish land reform.     

拆迁别离开土地说事--谈城市房屋拆迁补偿中的土地法律缺位问题

国务院于2001年6月6日对1991年颁布的《城市房屋迁管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)进行修改后,重新颁实施。新《条例》与老《条例》相比,一是突出“正确行政府职能”原则,强化政府的规则制定、运行监管和仲裁角色,注意维护被拆迁人这一相对弱者的利益;二是突出市场化”原则,提出“拆迁补偿可实行货币补偿或房屋产调换”,“金额以房地产市场评估价格确定”。但基层国土门在办理房屋拆迁中的有关土地手续时,却有些困惑,因《条例》中涉及土地使用权处置的有关规定几乎是空白。第一,土地审批程序模糊。城市房屋拆迁必然要对土地用权进行处置,但新…     

非法压低地价招商当禁--学习国务院《决定》的一点体会

国务院日前下发的《国务院关于深化改革严格土地管理的决定》(以下简称《决定》),是国务院为建立并完善最严格的土地管理制度,从落实科学发展观、深化改革、标本兼治、促进土地利用方式和管理方式的根本转变的高度,针对当前土地管理和土地利用中存在的重大问题,作出的具体而明确的规定。《决定》的内容很多,共有五个部分二十五条,我仅针对“禁止非法压低地价招商”谈点个人的学习体会。“禁止非法压低地价招商”这条措施非常好,抓住了2003年以来土地市场问题的关键,提出了具体的可操作的办法。中央自2003年开始的土地市场治理整顿,2004年实…     

The present and future land requirements of logistical activities

The dominant logistical activities of storage, freight transport and materials handling require substantial amounts of land. It is estimated, for example, that in 2006 warehousing occupied around 23,500 ha in England and Wales. This paper examines the changing demand for land from the logistics sector. It begins by classifying logistics-related land uses and reviewing available statistics from government sources and property consultants, most of which apply to warehousing. Recent trends in warehouse development are discussed, particularly the centralisation of floorspace in a smaller number of larger distribution centres. Previous attempts to forecast the future land requirements of logistics have assumed a close correlation between warehouse floorspace and economic growth. This paper argues that this relationship is likely to be distorted by several factors over the next few decades. A model is presented which shows the interaction between a range of factors likely to influence future logistics land requirements. These include the off-shoring of manufacturing, the rebalancing of logistical cost trade-offs in an era of higher oil prices and lower inventory costs, modal shift to rail and water, the growth of online retailing, advances in warehouse technology, the reconfiguration of the waste supply chain and the adaptation of logistical systems to the effects of climate change. The main section of the paper examines the possible effects of each of these factors on the amount of land that will be needed to support logistical activities, and its spatial distribution.     

集体建设用地流转实践进展、主要问题与建议

从集体建设用地流转内涵界定、收益分配与使用、监管和市场建设等方面梳理了集体建设用地流转实践进展。实践中存在的主要问题有：集体建设用地流转前提、内涵等根本性因素需明确和完善;流转收益分配关系亟待理清,政府参与分配的途径和标准需明确,集体与村民之间的收益分配及使用需规范;集体建设用地流转监管有待进一步规范,试点地区相关政策设计有待完善,集体经济组织自我管理能力需加强;集体建设用地市场尚处于建立阶段,市场体系不健全。建议：明确前提和内涵是推进集体建设用地流转的基本条件;建立合理的利益分配和使用制度是关键;加强利用管理和权益维护是有效保障;建立集体土地交易市场是有效载体。     

保证被征地农民生活水平不降低

为了落实《国务院关于深化改革严格土地管理的决定》,解决我国目前征地过程中存在的补偿矛盾,国土资源部下发了《关于开展制订征地统一年产值标准和征地区片综合地价工作的通知》(下称《通知》),并随《通知》下发了《征地统一年产值标准测算指导性意见》和《征地区片综合地价测