Specific SBR population behaviour as revealed by comparative dynamic simulation analysis of three full-scale municipal SBR wastewater treatment plants.

Three full-scale municipal sequential batch reactor (SBR) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated by dynamic simulation studies using ASM1. All three WWTPs showed similar kinetic and stoichiometric conditions in the SBR population behaviour after calibration of the models. The simulation results detected only a discrepancy to the ammonia online data during and shortly after shock loading under anoxic and anaerobic conditions that so far could not be adjusted by the ASM1 model. However, these differences did not severely affect the quality of the simulations nor the effluent flows. Additionally, in all cases a dynamic alpha factor curve occurred during the aeration phases that was verified by further oxygen transfer measurements. This might reveal new aspects for the process control, design and simulation of SBR WWTPs. A short lag phase was detected in many cases at the beginning of the first aeration phase.     

SBR类污水处理厂升级改造工艺选择及运行

以太湖流域9座采用SBR及其改进工艺的污水处理厂升级改造工程为例,介绍了该工艺升级改造方案的选择和达标难度分析,并在案例分析的基础上,总结了SBR类污水处理厂改造工程在设计和运行时需要注意的问题。     

基于HYDRUS模型不同灌水模式下土壤水盐运移模拟

以田间试验为基础,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运动理论,利用HYDRUS-1D/2D数值模型对内蒙古河套灌区不同灌水模式下土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了不同灌溉条件下的水盐运移状态,并将模拟结果与田间试验实测结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同灌水定额下,100cm土体内沟灌条件下生育期土壤盐分含量平均值比畦灌条件下土壤盐分含量平均值降低24.4%,沟灌可以有效控制土壤盐分的累积。利用HYDRUS模型对土壤水盐运移的模拟结果能够为灌区的水盐管理提供科学依据。     

Bulking control by low-dose ozonation of returned activated sludge in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

Sludge bulking is still a problem in the operation of state-of-the-art wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The ozonation of returned activated sludge (RAS) is an innovative option as a non-specific measure for the control of filament growth. The applicability of sludge ozonation for bulking control of a large wastewater treatment plant was investigated. At a full-scale WWTP one lane was equipped with a sludge ozonation plant for RAS. The implemented sludge ozonation of RAS was tested against the two identical references lanes of the same WWTP. The positive effect on settleability could be clearly proven. Low-dose sludge ozonation could be a technical alternative in comparison with the established chemical measures for bulking control.     

污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化优化设计与运行探讨

对国内典型的污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化系统进行调研发现,厌氧消化系统的运行管理尚存在诸多问题。在总结白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化调试与运行管理经验的基础上,针对厌氧消化工艺存在的普遍性问题,提出了厌氧消化系统设计和运行管理方面的建议,以促进工艺设计优化,提高运行管理水平。     

The influence of energy crop substrates on the mass-flow analysis and the residual methane potential at a rural anaerobic digestion plant.

In a full scale anaerobic digestion plant exclusively operating on solid energy crops the mass-flows were analysed for two different substrate compositions over 583 d. The mono-fermentation of maize whole crop silage was compared to a mixture of maize and grass + clover silage. The two stage system required the input of dilution liquid guarantee digestion and agitation in the high loaded first stage (OLR: 5.50 kg VS.m(-3).d(-1)). Grass + clover demanded the double mass of process dilution liquid, which reduced SRT from 65 d to 34 d for each stage and leaded to an increased generation of Solid Digestion Residues by separation. Experiments showed that 70% of the Residual Methane Potential are caused by the 7% mass fraction of SDR. For maize and maize + grass + clover RMPs of 6.34% and 11.80% were observed, respectively. RMP can also be expressed as additional substrate input required for full granted operation. Thus, the mass stream analysis is used to determine mitigation strategies for RMP.     

Analysis of phosphorus removal and anaerobic selector performance in a full-scale activated sludge process in Singapore.

This paper analyses the performance of the anaerobic selector (A/O process) in a full-scale activated sludge process receiving mostly industrial sewage discharge (> 60%) in Singapore. In addition to the sludge settleability, enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was studied. The sludge volume index (SVI) reduced from 200 to 80 ml g(-1) and foaming was suppressed significantly, indicating the effectiveness of the anaerobic selector in improving sludge settleability. The phosphorus removal efficiency was 66%, and 7.5 mg HAc-COD was consumed per mg PO4(3-) -P removed. In the anaerobic compartment, 31% of the SCOD and 73% of the acetic acid in the settled sewage were removed with PO4(3-) -P release of 14.1 mg PO4(3-)-P l(-1). The linear correlation between PO4(3-) -P release in the anaerobic compartment and PO4(3-) -P uptake in the aerobic compartment indicates that there is about 0.8 mg PO4(3-) -P release in the anaerobic compartment per mg PO34(3-) -P uptake in the aerobic compartment. The fates of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and its short chain acids (SCAs) in the process were studied and discussed.     

Behaviour of a full-scale expanded bed reactor with overlaid anaerobic and aerobic zones for domestic wastewater treatment.

This paper presents the behaviour of a full-scale expanded bed reactor (160 m3) with overlaid anaerobic and aerobic zones used for municipal wastewater treatment. The research was carried out in two experimental steps: anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic conditions, and the experimental results presented in this paper refer to four months of reactor operation. In the anaerobic condition, after inoculation and 60 days of operation, the reactor treating 3.40 kg CODm(-3)d(-1) for thetaH of 2.69 h, reached mean removal efficiencies of 76% for BOD, 72% for COD, and 80% for TSS, when the effluent presented mean values of 225 mg.L(-1) of COD, 98 mg.L(-1) of BOD and 35 mg.L(-1) of TSS. Under these conditions, for nitrogen loading of 0.27 kgN.m(-3)d(-1), the reactor generated an effluent with mean N-org. of 8 mg.L(-1) and N-ammon. of 37 mg.L(-1), demonstrating high potential of ammonification. For the anaerobic-aerobic condition (118th day) the system was operated with thetaH of 5.38 h presented mean removal efficiencies of 84% for BOD, 79% for COD, 76% for TSS, and 30% for TKN. The reactor's operation time was less than two months, which was not long enough to reach nitrification. Regarding the obtained results, this research confirmed that this reactor is configured as a flexible and adequate alternative for the treatment of sewage, requiring relatively small area and only thetaH of 10 h that can be adjusted to the local circumstances.     

Comparison of two types of inocula during acclimation and stable operation for nitrophenol biodegradation in an anaerobic-aerobic SBR.

This work presents a comparison of two inocula used for the acclimation of two anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch bioreactors used for toxic wastewater treatment. The bioreactors were acclimated with different types of sludge: one coming from an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant and the other one from a conventional aerobic activated sludge plant. The model toxic compound was p-nitrophenol, which is reduced to p-aminophenol during the initial anaerobic phase of the reaction, and later mineralized during a posterior aerated reaction phase. Biodegradation of the compounds was monitored using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. After acclimation stabilization of the sludge and of the process was also monitored. Results show that there is no significant difference in acclimation times and stability of the process between the two employed inocula, and thus an originally anaerobic inoculum presents no apparent advantage over a more easily accessible aerobic one.     

某电厂深度节能装置的设计、运行与试验

介绍了山东某电厂^#4机组深度节能装置的主要设计特性与结构参数,给出了运行调试结果。试验结果表明,投用深度节能装置后,可降低锅炉排烟温度55～65℃,节省发电标准煤耗4．2～4．5g／（kW·h）,节水15．5万t/年,年经济效益340万元。     

Biodegradation of a variety of bisphenols under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

There is a group of compounds structurally similar to bisphenol-A (BPA), namely bisphenols (BPs), and some of them are considered to be able to partially replace BPA. In order to assess their biodegradability in the aquatic environment, a variety of BPs; BPA, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (BPF), bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (BPE), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)butane (BPB), 2,2-bis(4- hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane (BPP), bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone (BPS), thiodiphenol (TDP) and 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (HBP); were subjected to biodegradation tests under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For the aerobic degradation test, a kind of river-die-away method using several river water samples was used, while pond sediments were used for the anaerobic degradation tests in sealed anoxic bottles. As a whole, the examined BPs could be ranked by their biodegradability under aerobic conditions; BPF, HBP > > BPA > BPP > BPE > BPB > TDP > > BPS. On the other hand, the tendency for the anaerobic biodegradability was; BPF > HBP > BPS, BPA, TDP > BPE > BPB. From the viewpoint of biodegradability, BPF seems to be more environmentally-friendly than BPA and, therefore, may be a candidate to replace BPA for reducing the environmental risks.     

Calibration and simulation of ASM2d at different temperatures in a phosphorus removal pilot plant.

In this work, an organic and nutrient removal pilot plant was used to study the temperature influence on phosphorus accumulating organisms. Three experiments were carried out at 13, 20 and 24.5 degrees C, achieving a high phosphorus removal percentage in all cases. The ASM2d model was calibrated at 13 and 20 degrees C and the Arrhenius equation constant was obtained for phosphorus removal processes showing that the temperature influences on the biological phosphorus removal subprocesses in a different degree. The 24.5 degrees C experiment was simulated using the model parameters obtained by means of the Arrhenius equation. The simulation results for the three experiments showed good correspondence with the experimental data, demonstrating that the model and the calibrated parameters were able to predict the pilot plant behaviour.     

Effect of co-substrate, biomass and sulfate concentration on the performance of a control strategy used to determine the anaerobic stage length of an anaerobic/aerobic SBR degrading p-nitrophenol.

The effect of the p-nitrophenol to propionic acid ratio, the biomass concentration, and the presence of sulfates on the performance of a control strategy of an anaerobic/aerobic SBR degrading p-nitrophenol was studied. The duration of the anaerobic stage was controlled by an algorithm based on the on-line measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential, which indicates the end of the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. It was observed that no significant influence on the performance of the algorithm was found when the co-substrate, the biomass concentration and the presence of sulfates were varied, indicating the robustness of the control strategy. Only for the case when a low concentration of cosubstrate was used, was there no transformation of p-nitrophenol.     

The main wastewater treatment plant of Vienna: favourable operation conditions as a consequence of well designed tender procedures

In the planning phase of the extension of the Main Treatment Plant of Vienna, special effort and emphasis were put on the conception of the tender procedure. The project tender was divided into several tender units in order to achieve optimum quality standards by specialised workmanship. Important parameters for operation conditions, especially energy consumption and maintenance costs, were considered and valuated according to the tender guidelines. Suppliers were required to prove the guaranteed quality standards of the tender documents by means of preliminary installation units and extensive performance check procedures. Only after fulfilment of all requirements were suppliers allowed to apply the design of the preliminary installation works to the entire installation. If necessary, extensive optimization works were carried out. Thus favourable operation conditions were achieved and, in particular, a highly efficient aeration system was implemented.Process parameters were optimized by means of a follow-up project during the regular operation phase, taking into consideration the results of the performance check procedures. Further optimization of energy consumption was thereby achieved.     

Application of ADM1 for the simulation of anaerobic digestion of olive pulp under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.

The management of the wastewater originating from olive oil producing industries poses a serious environmental problem. Recently, two-phase production of olive oil has been developed, leading to almost complete elimination of the bulk of the generated wastewater and, is thus regarded as an environmentally friendly technology. However, the main waste stream (olive pulp) is a slurry material characterized by high solids concentration (approximately 30%), requiring stabilisation before its final disposal. The anaerobic digestion of olive pulp is studied in this work under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in CSTR-type digesters. The digesters were fed with water-diluted (1:4) olive pulp at an HRT of 20 days and an OLR of 3.94 kg COD m(-3) d(-1). In order to study the process kinetics, the digesters were subjected to impulse disturbances of different substrates. The IWA anaerobic digestion model was used to simulate the reactors' response. Some key process parameters, such as the specific maximum uptake rate constants and the saturation constants for the volatile fatty acids degradation were estimated and compared with the standard values suggested by the ADM1.     

喷头不同组合模式下水量分布和喷灌均匀度的田间试验及数值模拟

利用三次样条两次插值叠加法并结合单喷头水量分布可计算得到多喷头组合水量分布。为验证该方法的适用性及探究变间距条件下喷灌均匀度的变化情况,通过田间试验,得到ZY-2型单喷头水量分布及多喷头18 m×18 m组合形式下水量分布,计算了喷灌均匀度。利用MATLAB软件构建了喷头组合条件下水量分布的数值模拟模型,计算出不同组合模式下水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度。结果表明:模拟与实测喷灌水深的相对误差(RE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.49%和3.17 mm,组合喷灌均匀度的相对误差为1.85%,表明构建的模型能较准确地模拟不同喷头组合条件下的水量分布和组合均匀度; ZY-2型喷头在正方形21 m×21 m布置形式下,喷灌均匀度达到最高(0.873);在变喷头间距和变支管间距两种矩形布置时,喷灌均匀度整体上随着支管间距的增加而逐渐降低,但喷头间距增加时喷灌均匀度降低的幅度更大。研究结果可为优化喷头布置形式提供技术支撑。     

Investigation of microbial safety of a full-scale ozonation and biological activated carbon process under high humidity and temperature conditions

Microbial safety of a full-scale ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) process was investigated by examining pathogens, microbial community and particle counts, with emphasis on the BAC effluent. The process is located at South China, where the average humidity and air temperature were 70-80% and 22-24 °C, respectively. A high diversity of microbial community existed on the BAC media. Three types of dominant bacteria were identified, including Chryseobacterium indologenes, Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas stutzeri, accounting for 90-95% of total bacteria number. As to pathogenic bacteria and viruses, an opportunistic pathogen, Bacillus cereus, was detected on the BAC. Six types of invertebrates were also observed on the medium, including rotifer, cyclops, nematode, clodecera, nauplius and blood worm. Diversity and number of invertebrates in the BAC effluent were higher than those in the BAC influent. Particle counts were generally less than 50 CNT/mL, with the maximum of 500 CNT/mL during the initial filtration stage after backwashing.     

不同径流下水库优化调度结果的比较分析

为了了解入库径流变化时水库优化调度的决策如何变化，探讨不同的径流过程优化调度结果的共同点，根据某实例的丰、平、枯水年的典型径流，用改进遗传算法进行水库优化调度仿真计算，对计算结果进行了分析比较，其结果对水库在径流不确定的条件下实现优化调度有一定的指导意义。