中国各省市区种养业灰水足迹分析与评价

目的 深入挖掘第二次全国污染源普查成果,科学评价与分析各地区农业源水污染排放现状与环境压力,将有助于区域污染物减排与政策制定。方法 文章拟核算2017年中国31个省（市、区,不含港澳台）种养业的灰水足迹,构建评价指标体系,选取熵值法和理想点法作为综合评价方法,系统性评价与分析种养业水污染物排放量与产量、产值的协同关系,表征水污染物排放对区域地表水的环境压力。结果 （1）2017年全国种植业和畜禽养殖业灰水足迹分别为4 898亿m³和6 841亿m³,分别呈现“南高北低”和“东高西低”的地理分布特征。（2）畜禽养殖业水污染物排放带来的水环境压力大于种植业,尤其是黄淮海地区。（3）在种植业中,江苏和海南的灰水足迹综合评价结果相对较低;在畜禽养殖业中,河北、西藏、天津和宁夏相对较低。结论 建议种养业未来以减排增效为核心发展目标,海南优化肥料施用结构与方式、黄淮海地区调控种养业生产规模与方式、长江中下游地区拦截稻田退水污染。该文从水环境保护角度为中国种养业绿色发展提供政策建议。     

农户绿色施肥行为的关联效应及影响因素研究——以陕北绿色农业建设先行区为例

目的 化肥长期过量低效利用导致农业面源污染、土壤板结、农产品品质下降等问题,严重威胁食品安全与生态安全,农户实施减量化、有机化、精准化的绿色施肥行为是解决上述问题的关键。方法 文章基于绿色农业建设先行区陕北宝塔区苹果种植户调查数据,采用Multivariate Probit模型实证分析农户绿色施肥行为的关联效应及其影响因素。结果 （1）农户测土配方施肥行为与化肥减量化行为、有机肥使用行为存在显著关联效应,农户化肥减量化行为与有机肥使用行为间关联效应不显著。（2）影响农户不同绿色施肥行为的因素具有异质性,农户化肥减量化行为主要受果园收入占比、社会技术培训、智能手机使用、政府技术支持、政策补贴的影响,农户有机肥使用行为主要受户主年龄、经营规模、果园收入占比、技术等级、合作社参与、智能手机使用、环境压力的影响,农户测土配方施肥行为主要受果园收入占比、政府技术支持、政策补贴的影响。结论 在绿色施肥推广普及过程中必须重视不同绿色施肥技术间的关联,优化绿色施肥技术推广机制,强化其互动互补功能;应依据绿色施肥行为影响因素的共性与异质性制定具体政策,推进农业由粗放化肥投入增长向高质量绿色发展转型。     

农业绿色全要素生产率对城乡收入差距影响的实证研究——来自东北三省的证据

目的 持续缩小城乡收入差距是推进中国式现代化进程中亟待解决的重大问题。方法 文章基于2010—2020年东北地区36个地级市的面板数据,采用SBM-DDF（Slacks-Based Measure-Directional Distance Function,SBM-DDF）模型测算农业绿色全要素生产率,借助GML指数对效率值进行拆解,并结合门槛回归模型解析农业绿色全要素生产率对城乡收入差距的影响。结果 农业绿色全要素生产率提升对于缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的正向影响,其拆分项农业技术进步和农业技术效率提升均有助于缩小城乡收入差距;农业绿色全要素生产率对城乡收入差距存在单一门槛效应,只有当其跨越门槛值后才会有助于缩小城乡收入差距;辽宁省和黑龙江省农业绿色全要素生产率提升对缩小城乡收入差距的正向影响均高于吉林省,存在明显的区域异质性。结论 具体提出加快推动农业发展绿色转型、完善绿色农业政策体系、加强农业科技研发与农技推广普及等对策建议。     

中国马铃薯分省碳足迹核算与减排策略研究——基于生命周期评价法

目的 核算马铃薯碳足迹,分析马铃薯碳足迹变化特征,探寻碳减排途径,为农业固碳减排和实现碳达峰碳中和目标提供数据支撑。方法 文章利用生命周期评价法（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）对2011—2020年中国马铃薯种植阶段的碳足迹进行核算,研究分析各种植区以及省级马铃薯碳足迹年际变化和马铃薯碳足迹构成,为马铃薯典型种植区提供减排建议。结果 2011—2020年中国省级马铃薯碳排放总量呈现波浪式下降趋势。在时间尺度上,马铃薯单位面积碳足迹呈现明显的上升趋势,年均增长77.5kg CO₂eq/hm²（P<0.01）;单位产量碳足迹呈现缓慢降低趋势,平均每10年下降0.129t CO₂eq/t （P <0.1）;在空间尺度上,北方一作区和西南单双季作区的马铃薯的单位面积碳足迹处于正增长状态,马铃薯的单位产量碳足迹在除甘肃、新疆以外的大部分地区处于减少状态,马铃薯还有很大的减排空间。在马铃薯碳足迹构成中,肥料（77.72%）是马铃薯种植阶段碳足迹的主要来源,其次是农膜（9.64%）和灌溉（8.46%）。结论 综合比较马铃薯各地区的碳足迹发现,西南单双季作区和南方冬作区的减排潜力最大,其次是中原二作区和北方一作区,马铃薯减排重心逐渐南移。马铃薯减排增产已取得了阶段性成果,未来仍有很大发展空间,其中肥料是马铃薯减排的主要入手点,各种植区应制定适合本区特征的减排方案,大力推广先进减排技术,实现马铃薯减排与增产协同发展。     

农户绿色施肥行为形成机理研究——基于苹果种植户的微观调研

目的 农户作为化肥施用的主体,其绿色施肥采纳意愿和采纳行为受自身资本禀赋和外部环境的双重影响。系统分析农户绿色施肥行为的形成机理对农业领域加快实现“双碳”目标具有重要理论和现实意义。方法 文章基于山东省680份苹果种植户的实地调研微观数据,运用结构方程模型实证分析了资本禀赋、外部环境对农户绿色施肥行为的作用机理。结果 农户对新型肥料产品和新型施肥技术存在“高意愿、低行动”现象;表征资本禀赋的5个潜在变量均对绿色施肥采纳意愿具有显著正向影响,其影响大小为：社会资本＞经济资本＞物质资本＞人力资本＞自然资本;外部环境对绿色施肥采纳意愿和采纳行为均具有显著正向影响;采纳意愿显著正向影响采纳行为,且在资本禀赋、外部环境与采纳行为间起中介作用。结论 为鼓励农户的绿色施肥行为,应综合提升农户资本禀赋水平,强化对农户农业生产行为的监管和激励力度,建立健全绿色农业生产的宣传教育体系。     

吉林省农户玉米种植与施肥现状调查

目的 明确吉林省不同生态区农户玉米种植与施肥现状,为区域玉米栽培和养分管理的进一步优化提供依据。方法 文章采用抽样调查方法,于2014年在吉林省44个县市开展农户调查,共收回有效问卷5 142份。调查内容主要包括：玉米品种、产量水平、种植面积和密度、播种和收获期、养分来源、施肥时期及方式、肥料种类和施用量等。结果 吉林省农户种植与施肥条件下玉米产量平均为9.1 t/hm²,东部湿润山区、中部半湿润平原区和西部半干旱平原区产量平均分别为8.1、10.1和8.0 t/hm²。全省农户共选用玉米品种526个,使用率前6的品种占比46.7%,播种期集中在4月下旬至5月上旬（占86.0%）,收获期集中于10月上中旬（占89.0%）。单户种植面积大多在1~3 hm²（占62.3%）,平均2.9 hm²,种植密度集中在5.5万~6.5万株/ hm²（占58.0%）,平均5.7万株/ hm²。全部参与调研的农户均施用化肥,但增施有机肥比例仅3.5%,东、中、西部地区分别为6.0%、1.9%和4.0%。化肥品种以单施复合肥和复合肥—单质肥配施为主,中部地区大多为单施复合肥,东、西部地区大多为复合肥与单质肥配施。全省农户的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分投入量平均分别为244.6、130.8和104.4 kg/hm²,氮磷钾养分比例平均为1∶0.53∶0.43。施肥方式上,全省一次性施肥和分次施肥（基肥+追肥）方式分别占53.5%和46.5%。各区域中,中部地区农户的玉米养分投入量和一次性施肥比例（平均为540.6 kg/hm²和77.9%）远高于东、西部地区（平均为429.3、401.2 kg/hm²和22.4%、36.1%）。结论 现阶段吉林省农户玉米产量水平较高,但种植和施肥过程中还存在很多问题,需进一步加强针对区域尺度的玉米优化栽培和高产高效养分管理研究及技术推广,因地制宜地促进玉米产业绿色优质可持续发展。     

关于我国农业碳达峰，助力碳中和若干问题的思考

目的 农业作为保障国家粮食安全和生态安全的基础性产业,在推动我国实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标中将起到至关重要的作用。农业温室气体减排和农田土壤固碳是实现农业碳中和的重要途径,但在国家整体“双碳”目标实现过程中,农业碳达峰、助力碳中和应该主要解决什么问题,以便能够更好地纳入国家总体布局中;在实施过程中需要注意哪些全局性和方向性的问题目前尚不清晰。方法 文章对目前农业固碳减排研究的成果进行了系统的梳理、总结和凝练,针对我国不同阶段农业固碳减排在“双碳”目标实现中所需解决的科学问题和技术难题提出相应建议。结果 明确了“双碳”目标实现过程中,不同阶段农业固碳减排需关注和解决的三大关系（固碳减排与生产力稳定性之间的协同关系、土壤固碳与温室气体减排之间的协同关系、温室气体与污染物协同减排的关系）,并在系统监测、碳贸易方法学、构建人才队伍等方面提出了未来发展的方向及建议。结论 为科学控制我国农业温室气体排放、发展低碳绿色农业提供参考依据,以期为实现我国“碳中和”目标贡献农业力量。     

农村产业融合对农业碳排放的影响：机制路径及空间溢出效应分析

目的 破解农业碳排放问题是全面推进农业绿色转型发展的关键举措,探索农村产业融合对农业碳排放的影响,有助于为推进农业可持续发展拓展新途径。方法 文章基于2008—2020年省级面板数据,通过构建中介效应模型和空间杜宾模型实证检验了农村产业融合对农业碳排放的影响机制和空间影响关系。结果 （1）农村产业融合对农业碳排放存在显著的“减碳效应”。（2）基于投入要素视角,农村劳动力外流、土地规模化经营和农业科技进步发挥了中介作用,即农村产业融合可以通过优化劳动力、土地、技术等要素间接实现“减碳效应”。（3）农村产业融合与农业碳排放均存在显著的空间集聚特征,且具有正向空间溢出效应。（4）农村产业融合通过空间溢出效应对邻近地区农业存在显著的“减碳效应”。结论 充分肯定农村产业融合对农业碳排放的重要作用,继续发挥好政策、资金和技术的保障作用,深化农村产业融合进程,助推低碳农业高质量发展。     

2014—2019年青铜峡灌区入黄干沟水质时空分布及污染源解析

目的 为了解黄河中上游青铜峡灌区入黄干沟水质时空变化特征,揭示典型污染物来源及空间分布。方法 文章针对2014—2019年灌区12条入黄干沟水体中总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、化学需氧量（COD）与高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）浓度的时空变化规律进行探究,并采用输出系数法揭示灌区污染物来源。结果 （1）时间尺度上,研究期间入黄干沟整体水质为Ⅳ至劣V类,氨氮和总磷浓度超标严重,受灌溉影响,污染物浓度在非灌溉期高于灌溉期;（2）空间分布上,12条干沟的污染物浓度沿黄河水流方向呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,银古公路桥附近的银新干沟、中干沟、永二干沟污染较为严重（劣V类）;（3）污染物来源上,灌区总磷入河负荷主要来自面源污染（占比86.7%）,集中在青铜峡市、贺兰县与平罗县,氨氮入河负荷主要来自点源污染（占比66.8%）,COD入河负荷点源和面源分别占比48.1%和51.9%,集中在银川市区和利通区。结论 青铜峡灌区入黄干沟治理应重点关注银新干沟、中干沟和永二干沟,严格控制冬季点源排放是灌区干沟水质提升的关键,种植源污染防控优先考虑青铜峡市、贺兰与平罗县,畜禽养殖源污染防控优先考虑利通区,城镇生活源污染防控优先考虑银川市区。     

技术环境对菜农有机肥技术采纳行为的影响——以河南省设施菜农为例

目的 现阶段,我国化肥低效、过量施用的现象较为普遍,不仅增加农作物种植成本,还会对农业生态环境造成严重负面影响。因此,优化施肥结构,推广有机肥替代化肥对于加快实现农业绿色高质量发展具有重要意义。文章以设施蔬菜为例,从技术环境视角出发,以技术创新扩散理论为基础,分析了菜农有机肥技术采纳行为的影响因素。方法 基于河南省440份设施菜农的调研数据,利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了技术环境对菜农是否采纳有机肥技术和采纳程度的影响,并运用Logit模型和断尾回归模型进行稳健性检验。结果 研究结果表明,大多数设施菜农都采纳了有机肥技术,但采纳程度较低。有机肥使用成本、家庭务农数量、农产品畅销度、农产品价值认可度、参加技术培训和有机肥补贴政策对菜农是否采纳有机肥技术具有显著影响,而有机肥购买成本、有机肥使用成本、家庭务农数量、蔬菜种植规模、农产品价值认可度和有机肥补贴政策对菜农有机肥技术采纳程度具有显著影响。结论 政府部门可以采用多元化培训、跟踪式咨询服务、社群型学习小组等方式创新菜农有机肥技术培训模式,同时,通过加大有机肥补贴范围和力度、加快有机肥施用机械设备研发等措施降低菜农有机肥替代成本,从而提高菜农有机肥技术采纳行为。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.