近30年我国农村宅基地有偿使用研究综述与展望

目的 宅基地有偿使用是我国新一轮宅基地制度改革的重要探索内容之一。宅基地有偿使用是促进宅基地集约、高效利用的重要推手,也是显化宅基地财产属性的重要途径。有关宅基地有偿使用的综述研究,已有学者利用文献分析法和归纳总结法进行分析,但是在文献的时效性、研究热点的可视化等方面存在很多问题。方法 文章通过CiteSpace5.6.R5软件对1992—2020年中国知网上“宅基地有偿使用”的发文量、研究热点和演进趋势进行可视化信息分析,并结合具体文献,对农村宅基地有偿使用研究提出了研究述评与展望。结果 （1）从发文量看,宅基地有偿使用的研究可分为萌芽发展、缓慢发展和快速发展3个阶段。（2）从研究热点看,对宅基地有偿使用的研究主要集中在“宅基地有偿使用费”“一户多宅”“超占多占”和“三权分置”等关键词。（3）从演进趋势看,宅基地制度改革与制度设计、宅基地使用权流转、宅基地管理以及三权分置将成为宅基地有偿使用的研究重点。结论 总体展望看,明确宅基地有偿使用的适用情形,研究宅基地有偿使用收费标准和有偿使用资金管理办法,探索宅基地有偿使用与宅基地资格权认定、宅基地登记确权及有偿退出的衔接机制是未来宅基地有偿使用研究中须着重关注的内容。     

中国农业生态效率研究热点和趋势分析

目的 农业生态效率综合考虑经济效益和环境效益,是农业绿色发展的表征指标之一。通过梳理中国农业生态效率的研究热点与趋势,为中国农业生态效率和农业可持续发展的研究提供参考。方法 文章以知网数据库为基础,搜集整理1981—2022年中国农业生态效率领域的相关文献共433篇,从发文量、作者、机构基金和关键词方面进行研究。通过CiteSpace对作者共线、关键词共线、关键词聚类等进行分析,绘制可视化图谱。结果 （1）2011年后此研究领域的发文量开始增加,研究热点由关注农业环境理念向计量方法和影响因素转变,基础理论、评价测度和效率应用共同构成该领域的研究主题。（2）目前还存在学者间合作较少,研究相对独立;研究对象多为全国或省级层面,对县乡级研究有待深入;评价方法上较少使用复合模型;研究主题有待创新等问题。结论 在资源与环境双重压力下,农业生态效率的研究已成为现代农业绿色化发展的重要组成部分。     

草原生态补奖对牧户草地流转行为的影响研究——以青海省河南蒙古族自治县为例

目的 为进一步推动草原地区牧业可持续发展,丰富草原生态补奖在牧户草地流转行为方面的研究,从而为促进牧户进行草地流转实现规模经营最大化提供理论依据。方法 文章基于青海省河南蒙古族自治县牧户调研数据,运用二元Logit模型分析草原生态补奖对牧户草地流转行为的影响,并借助逐步回归法检验牧户生计多样化在草原生态补奖与草地流转之间的中介作用。结果 研究结果表明：牧户贷款行为、草地现有承包面积以及牧业收入分别在10%、1%与5%显著性水平下对牧户草地流转行为产生正向促进作用,而奖补收入与工资性收入均在10%显著性水平下对牧户草地流转行为产生显著抑制作用;牧户生计多样化在草原生态补奖与草地流转之间存在遮掩效应,遮掩效应占直接效应的比例为34.55%。结论 奖补收入越高,并不一定能够促进牧户草地流转行为,并且牧户生计多样化在一定程度上会增大该抑制作用。     

基于CNKI数据库的国内草原生态补偿研究的知识图谱分析

目的 自草原生态补偿政策实施后,为了深入了解草原生态补偿相关研究的现状及发展趋势,客观反映相关机构、文献、作者的科研动向和影响力,通过分析得出现有研究的不足并提出建议。方法 文章通过CiteSpace软件对CNKI数据库搜索到关于草原生态补偿的相关文献进行可视化分析。结果 （1）研究领域内发文量总体呈现先增长后下降趋势,2016年达到发文量峰值。（2）作者靳乐山、胡振通、孔德帅发文量较多,杨光梅、陈佐忠、李玉新等作者发表的文献对该领域学者有着很好的指导作用,发文量最多的机构为新疆维吾尔自治区草原总站,但作者、机构之间中心性较低,还需加强合作。（3）综合分析热点和前沿,主题词较少,研究范围较局限。（4）应在现有的研究基础上结合实践,加强理论研究,完善区域的草原生态补偿治理办法、补偿标准、补偿方式、建立草原生态补偿机制与制度体系等方面的研究。结论 拓展研究范围和深度,各地政府根据地区差异性对当地草原生态补偿政策相关进行探索完善,创新研究方法,弥补现有研究的不足,为建立符合我国国情,具有我国特色的草原生态保护补偿制度体系提供参考。     

我国农作物秸秆还田的研究脉络和趋势探析基于CiteSpace知识图谱

目的 农作物秸秆还田是实现农业废弃物资源化利用的重要举措,厘清我国秸秆还田领域的研究脉络与变迁,把握研究现状与热点,探析研究前沿与趋势,为秸秆还田的实践提供重要理论指导。方法 文章基于CiteSpace可视化软件,定量分析中国知网（CNKI）数据库1998—2020年1 677篇“秸秆还田”研究文献。结果 农作物秸秆还田领域研究经历缓慢发展、井喷增长、波动攀升3个阶段,聚焦还田秸秆腐解与培肥地力、秸秆还田农作物营养与种植技术等五大热点;高产作者以宁堂原等为代表,呈单线或团队合作;发文机构以科研院所和农业类高等院校为主,科研院所研究成果卓越,农业类高等院校更具研究潜力,机构多方合作不紧密;突现词预示土壤结构修复与土质改良等秸秆还田潜力以及土壤监测与治理为研究趋势。结论 未来,秸秆还田研究覆盖面要突破传统局限,拓展多种作物的还田理论与实证研究;秸秆还田应因地制宜,以地域单元的还田系统为研究重点;加强研究内容可行性和持续性,农作物秸秆还田不仅要“好用”,更需“有用”。     

价值追求指导下农村土地管理政策中的公平与效率分析

目的 农村土地管理关乎农村社会经济的发展,分析1949年以来我国农村各阶段土地管理政策公平与效率问题,有助于制定更加合理的农村土地政策,促进农村社会稳定、农民收入提高。方法 文章基于制度变迁理论梳理1949年以来我国农村土地管理政策的变迁阶段及分析各阶段公平与效率的关系,并探究价值追求中消除公平与效率矛盾的途径。结果 我国的农村土地政策变迁中,农民土地私有制阶段（1949—1952年）实现公平为主,兼顾效率提升;私有制向集体所有制转变阶段（1953—1981年）追求绝对公平,导致效率降低;集体所有制阶段（1982年以来）保证公平的基础上向效率倾斜;通过明确土地权属,建立完善的土地流转市场和农村社会保障机制,确保农民对农地经营权流转的自主决定权利,逐步消除农村土地管理中的公平与效率矛盾。结论 在土地政策制定中,应加快推进农村土地确权工作,同时着力建设完善的农村土地流转市场和农村社会保障机制,保障土地权利实现过程的公平性,促进土地资源的合理有效利用,让农民更多地分享土地增值收益。     

中国乡村振兴研究评述与展望

目的 乡村振兴对助力中国特色社会主义现代化强国建设意义重大。通过对乡村振兴已有研究回顾梳理,从文献特征、演进路径、主题热点等方面进行分析,进而展望未来的发展趋势,为进一步推动乡村振兴提供理论指导和实践借鉴。方法 文章将2007—2022年中国知网（CNKI）期刊中文数据库发表的以“乡村振兴”为主题的3 532篇论文作为样本,借助科学计量分析工具CiteSpace软件,对中国乡村振兴研究主题脉络和研究热点进行全面剖析。结果 （1）乡村振兴文献数量呈现上升趋势,研究历程可以分为起始发展期和蓬勃发展期2个阶段,核心研究机构之间存在一定的合作交流,但学者和研究机构之间的合作强度不大,尚未形成联系紧密的学术共同体和高产作者集群。（2）已有研究主要集中在脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴的有效衔接、乡村治理体系的转型与创新、乡村产业的融合发展、乡村振兴与精准扶贫联动发展机制等方面。（3）关键词聚类呈现出4个核心主题,包括乡村振兴的科学内涵、发展模式、成效测度和发展对策。结论 完善乡村振兴理论体系构建、促进乡村振兴发展模式改革创新、精准测度乡村振兴成效、共助乡村振兴持续高速发展是未来乡村振兴的重要研究方向。     

农村宅基地流转收益分配研究综述与展望

目的 促进农村宅基地流转收益合理分配,对于增加农民财产性收益,助推农民实现共同富裕有重要意义。系统梳理近15年宅基地流转收益分配研究的研究热点以及发展脉络,展望未来研究重点方向。方法 文章基于CiteSpace5.8.R2的文献计量法。结果 （1）近15年来,农村宅基地流转收益分配的研究呈现由单一维度分配路径研究,向探讨收益形成机理、分配主体、分配比例、分配模式等多维度研究发展趋势,研究方法也由单一定性分析向定性与定量相结合方式转变。（2）从收益形成机理看,宅基地流转收益增值的本质是地租的增加;直接性投资、外部辐射以及土地用途变化等因素都均会引发宅基地价值增值。（3）从收益分配主体看,地方政府是否应参与分配存在一定争议。从分配比例看,宅基地流转收益分配比例应与各利益主体承担的风险相对应;由于农民在流转过程承担风险更高,因而在进行收益分配时应可适当向农民倾斜。（4）从收益模式看,总体可将宅基地流转收益分配模式总结为“宅基地出租模式”“宅基地入股模式”和“‘指标’交易模式”3类。结论 宅基地流转收益分配是增加农民财产性收入,实现共同富裕的重要抓手。新形势下,未来研究应更加关注宅基地流转收益分配和共同富裕关系,“三权分置”改革背景下的宅基地流转收益分配制度的建立和监督机制完善等方面问题。     

基于Meta分析的中国农业全要素生产率研究

目的 应用Meta分析方法,针对国内外中国农业全要素生产率测算研究的文献,探究其测算结果的一致性,以期为中国农业全要素生产率（TFP）的测算及其结果提供更为全面、客观、系统的认识与理解。方法 文章首先对中英文数据库中已发表的有关中国农业全要素生产率的文献进行检索筛选,再对纳入文献进行农业全要素生产率增长率的区域、方法、投入产出指标和年份区间的梳理,进而基于Meta分析定量化地分析各研究中农业全要素生产率增长率测算结果之间的异质性,并进行敏感性检验。结果 （1）中国农业TFP增长率测算总体异质性较低（I²=10%）,剔除单独省份或地区作为研究区域的文献后,Meta分析结果异质性增大（I²=18%）;（2）投入指标方面,劳动力投入指标使用第一产业就业人数时的测算结果异质性较高（I²=61%）,而使用农林牧渔业从业人数时,测算结果同质性显著（s=0）;（3）测算方法方面,使用DEA方法测算所得结果间同质性显著（I²=0）;（4）测算时段方面,各时段内农业TFP增长率测算结果呈现高度异质性,1992—1997年、1998—2003年、2004—2008年、2009—2015年各时段下I²结果分别为 94%、89%、68%、87%。结论 （1）1979—2015年我国农业全要素生产率年均增长2%是较为准确的测算结果,且单独省份的研究能够一定程度上填补以全国为研究区的文献间的异质性;（2）投入产出指标的遴选对农业TFP增长率测算结果有一定影响;（3）测算方法是农业TFP增长率异质性的主要来源;（4）农业TFP增长率测算中相关指标所选不变基期对长时间跨度测算结果影响不大,但对具体时段内的农业TFP测算结果影响显著。     

基于CiteSpace的生态系统服务与人类福祉的关系研究

目的 为了追踪和探索生态系统服务与人类福祉之间的趋势与热点,了解其研究进展,为未来的相关研究提供新思路。方法 文章基于CiteSpace软件及文献计量学分析方法,以CSSCI与CSCD数据库为来源,从生态系统服务、人类福祉、生态系统服务—人类福祉三方面,系统地分析了国内生态系统服务与人类福祉之间的研究现状与热点趋势,总结了二者之间复杂关系的研究进展,并指出未来的研究方向。结果 （1）生态系统服务领域的文献量较多,研究热点及方向较广泛,主要集中在功能与价值评估、土地利用、生态补偿等方面,但缺少对大尺度区域复合生态系统服务的评估研究且评估方法的科学性有待加强。（2）人类福祉领域的文献量较少,研究范围较局限,研究热点主要集中在与生态系统服务的关系与福祉评估,在此基础上还应多角度探究人类福祉的影响因素及福祉评估方法的准确性。（3）生态系统服务—人类福祉领域的研究成果较少,研究内容不够深入,研究方法的科学性有待提高。结论 该研究深入探索了当前生态服务与人类福祉的研究热点及进展,对未来学者完善该领域的研究提供参考意义。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.