外商在华投资产业结构特徵

本文围绕外商直接投资（FDI）与产业结构变动展开,重点放在1992—2007年期间。首先回顾了外商直接投资在中国经济建设申的作用,并验证了国际投资理论在中国的适用性。接着系统分析了在外资产业结构和地区产业分布非均衡发展的情况下,分别分析了外资在第一、二、三产业的特点和变动趋势、产业内部特徵,外资产业变动与中国三次产业变动的关联性。最後分析了物资进入中国的地区分布差异,外商投资在东部、中部和西部地区产业结构特徵,以及外资产业与中国产业结构在不同地区变动的关联性和相互作用。     

房价对居民消费的跨空间影响*——基于中国278个城市空间面板数据的实证研究

本文首先基于住房财富效应,构建了房价变动对居民消费的跨空间影响的分析框架。该框架阐释了住房财富效应的区域差异：不同地区间房价的空间传导、居民的异地消费以及消费的示范效应,使得本地房价变动可能引起周边地区居民消费的连锁反应。其后,本文利用中国278个地级市2000—2018年数据,通过空间面板杜宾模型,实证考察了不同地区住房财富效应的差异,以及房价变动对居民消费的跨空间影响。结果显示：（1）虽然中国整体上存在住房财富效应,但西部城市财富效应并不显著,并且核心城市还存在负财富效应。（2）不同城市间房价对消费存在跨区影响。东部城市和核心城市对周边城市消费的正向影响很显著,而边缘城市则对周边城市消费有显著的负向影响。（3）不同城市间的消费也具有空间上的示范效应。最后,本文从房价和居民消费空间联动的视角,为政府扩大内需、调控房地产市场提供了相关政策建议。     

中国能源强度变动的区域因素分解分析——基于LMDI分解方法

中国区域之间经济发展水平差异较大,能源消费也存在差异,分析影响中国能源强度变动的区域因素能够在区域层面上进一步理解总体能源强度的变动。文章利用对数平均D氏指数技术(LMDI)对1995-2005年中国能源强度变动进行区域因素分解,发现由区域内能源强度所显示的区域内技术进步因素是影响中国能源强度变动的决定因素。     

房价对居民消费的跨空间影响*——基于中国278个城市空间面板数据的实证研究

本文首先基于住房财富效应，构建了房价变动对居民消费的跨空间影响的分析框架。该框架阐释了住房财富效应的区域差异：不同地区间房价的空间传导、居民的异地消费以及消费的示范效应，使得本地房价变动可能引起周边地区居民消费的连锁反应。其后，本文利用中国278个地级市2000—2018年数据，通过空间面板杜宾模型，实证考察了不同地区住房财富效应的差异，以及房价变动对居民消费的跨空间影响。结果显示：（1）虽然中国整体上存在住房财富效应，但西部城市财富效应并不显著，并且核心城市还存在负财富效应。（2）不同城市间房价对消费存在跨区影响。东部城市和核心城市对周边城市消费的正向影响很显著，而边缘城市则对周边城市消费有显著的负向影响。（3）不同城市间的消费也具有空间上的示范效应。最后，本文从房价和居民消费空间联动的视角，为政府扩大内需、调控房地产市场提供了相关政策建议。     

中国化肥消费强度变化驱动效应时空差异与影响因素解析

采用2004—2011年31个省(市、区)的数据,对中国化肥消费强度变化的驱动效应进行了测度和时空差异比较,并进一步对影响化肥消费强度变化的因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:①2004—2011年,我国化肥消费强度呈显著上升趋势,农业生产结构调整和化肥利用效率变动共同推动了化肥消费强度的增加,且化肥利用效率贡献率高于结构调整贡献率。②不同地区化肥消费强度变化的驱动效应不同。结构调整效应负向驱动地区多位于我国东部地区,效率效应负向驱动地区多位于我国西部地区。③经济发展水平、农业产业结构、人均耕地规模、技术进步、上一期化肥消费强度、城市化发展水平和耕地质量等因素对化肥消费强度产生重要影响。     

中国农村居民消费过度敏感性的成因与对策——基于λ假说及其拓展模型应用文献的再研究

改革开放以来,中国城乡居民消费都具有较强的过度敏感性,但城镇居民消费过度敏感性系数λ的估计值明显高于农民.同时,农民消费过度敏感性系数入的值和年份之间大体呈现出“U型”关系,并且存在显著的区域性差异,东部地区农民消费的过度敏感性明显高于中、西部地区.另外,把影响农民消费行为的其他变量作为控制变量纳入消费过度敏感性模型中对其进行拓展,可以发现收入和消费的不确定性、流动性约束、消费习惯形成等是导致农民消费过度敏感的主要原因.因此,必须通过保持宏观政策的前瞻性、稳定性和连续性、健全农业支持保护体系、加快农村金融市场建设、分类制定有针对性的消费激励政策、引导农民逐步建立积极理性科学可持续的消费理念等有效措施矫正农民消费的过度敏感性.     

中国房地产投资的地区差异分析

房地产投资不均衡对房地产业和区域经济的发展有重要的影响。将泰尔指数用于房地产投资的地区差异的分析,重点考察了1991—2007年东中西部房地产投资的差异及其分解,认为,中国房地产投资的地区差异比较显著,变动趋势呈M型分布;东中西部地区之间的差异是总体差异的主要影响因素,但重要程度在不断下降。同时,还初步分析了造成差异的原因,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国农民消费特征实证分析

通过运用数理统计学中的聚类方法,对我国农民消费的相关数据进行分析,得出中国农民消费在消费结构和地域方面的变化特征,说明国家政策对农民生活水平影响显著,未来中国农民消费的区域差异将减小,影响中国农民消费的因素复杂多样.     

区域贸易结构变化对经济增长的影响分析

文章构建四地区六部门的可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,利用2000—2007年中国区域投入产出表,对中国区域及对外贸易结构变动对经济增长的影响进行分析,结果显示：对外贸易结构变动对于中国经济增长的作用明显,但其影响在下降,区域贸易结构变动分别对2000年和2007年中国GDP贡献了约8个和14个百分点;对外贸易结构变动对东部地区和西部地区经济的发展较为有利,却放缓对中部经济的影响;区域贸易结构变动在2000年和2007年对农业、采掘业、重工业、服务业的影响保持一致,两者同时变动则加大了对经济增长的影响;区域贸易结构及对外贸易结构变动对各地区各产业部门经济增长的影响与对中国经济增长的影响稍有差异。     

中国房地产投资的地区差异分析——以1991-2007年数据为例

房地产投资不均衡对房地产业和区域经济的发展有重要的影响.将泰尔指数用于房地产投资的地区差异的分析,重点考察了1991-2007年东中西部房地产投资的差异及其分解,认为,中国房地产投资的地区差异比较显著,变动趋势呈M型分布;东中西部地区之间的差异是总体差异的主要影响因素,但重要程度在不断下降.同时,还初步分析了造成差异的原因,并提出了相应的政策建议.     

The historical development of the consumption of sweeteners - a learning approach

From a theoretical point of view, addressing the adoption of novelty and change in consumption is a topic of major interest since it challenges the axiomatic foundations of modern microeconomics. Starting from the “continuity hypothesis” which considers the evolution of culture to be based on biological evolution, an evolutionary approach is presented which highlights the role of consumer learning. By means of a case study on the complex consumption history of sweeteners, it is shown that this approach complements the Lancasterian characteristics approach to the adoption of novelty in consumption in a fruitful way.JEL Classification: B52, D11, D12, Q13The author thanks Guido Buenstorf, Klaus Rathe and Ulrich Witt for helpful discussions and comments.     

Transitional dynamics and the distribution of assets

Summary. We study the evolution of the distribution of assets in a discrete time, deterministic growth model with log-utility, a minimum consumption requirement, Cobb-Douglas technology, and agents differing in initial assets. We prove that the coefficient of variation in assets across agents decreases monotonically in a transition to the steady state from below, if (i) the consumption requirement is zero, or (ii) the consumption requirement is not too big and the initial capital stock is large enough. We also show how a positive consumption requirement or a small elasticity of substitution between capital and labor can generate non-monotonic paths for inequality.JEL Classification Numbers: D31, E21, O41.We would like to thank S. Chatterjee, M. Huggett, T. Keister, P. Krusell, M. Santos, S. Williamson, and an anonymous referee, for their valuable comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are ours. Urrutia aknowledges the support of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, to which he was affiliated during early phases of this project.     

Understanding the Effects of a Shock to Government Purchases

This paper investigates the consequences of an exogenous increase in U.S. government purchases. We find that in response to such a shock, employment, output, and nonresidential investment rise, while real wages, residential investment, and consumption expenditures fall. The paper argues that a simple variant of the neoclassical growth model which distinguishes between nonresidential and residential investment is consistent with this evidence.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: E1, E6.     

Monetary policy in a cash‐in‐advance economy: employment, capital accumulation, and the term structure of interest rates

Abstract.  In this paper we study the effects of monetary policies on employment, capital accumulation, consumption, and the term structure of interest rates in a cash‐in‐advance economy, where money is required for consumption expenditures. Monetary policy involves targeting the inflation rate. The detailed dynamics of the model are fully worked out. As no numerical analysis is involved, we are able to identify very clearly the different channels through which monetary policy will impinge on the important macroeconomic variables. The model is also used to discuss the 'Great Canadian Slump.' JEL Classification: E52 and E43     

A Revealed Preference Theory for Non-expected Utility on "Certain × Uncertain" Consumption Pairs

In this paper we consider a two-period decision problem, where the feasible set is the set of "certain × uncertain" consumption pairs. That is, the decision-maker chooses ( x , m ) in a feasible set, where x is a certain first-period consumption and m is a random second-period consumption, a Borel probability measure on the set of real numbers. The purpose of this paper is to present revealed preference theory for non-expected utility on "certain × uncertain" consumption pairs. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for the data to be consistent with some non-expected utility functions.
JEL Classification Numbers: D11, D81, D91     

The Optimal Tariff Formula in a Two-Period Economy

The optimal tariff formula is derived for a large country trading both consumption goods and an investment good in a two-period economy. The formula greatly simplifies the results of the standard one-period economy where both consumption goods and real capital are traded with or without a non-traded good; in particular, the results do not depend on the relative intensities of the two goods.
JEL Classification Numbers: D11, F11, F34.     

Demand Aggregation and the Weak Axiom of Stochastic Revealed Preference

We address the problem of aggregating demand across a group of consumers, who are identical in terms of wealth and face identical price vectors, but vary in their chosen consumption bundles. We show that, when a stochastic demand function is constructed to aggregate a number of deterministic demand functions, satisfaction of the weak axiom of stochastic revealed preference by this stochastic demand function is weaker than the restriction that every underlying deterministic demand function satisfy Samuelson's weak axiom of revealed preference. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D11.     

Government spending, interest rates, and capital accumulation in a two-sector model

This paper investigates dynamic impacts of a temporary fiscal expansion in a two-sector growth model. If the expansion falls on consumption-investment commodities, capital accumulation can be either promoted or reduced and the short-term interest rate unambiguously rises. If the expansion falls on consumption commodities, capital accumulation is crowded out and the short-term interest rate declines during the period of the fiscal expansion. It is also shown that fiscal spending on the consumption commodity can move the short- and long-term interest rates in opposite directions. JEL Classification: E43, E62, O41     

Can Habit Formation Be Reconciled with Business Cycle Facts?

Many asset pricing puzzles can be explained when habit formation is added to standard preferences. We show that utility functions with a habit then gives rise to a puzzle of consumption volatility in place of the asset pricing puzzles when agents can choose consumption and labor optimally in response to more fundamental shocks. We show that the consumption reaction to technology shocks is too small by an order of magnitude when a utility includes a consumption habit. Moreover, once a habit in leisure is included, labor input is counterfactually smooth over the cycle. In the case of habits in both consumption and leisure, labor input is even countercyclical. Consumption continues to be too smooth. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E13, E21, E32.     

Existence of optimal strategies in linear multisector models

In this paper, we give a sufficient and almost necessary condition for the existence of optimal strategies in linear multisector models when time is continuous, consumption is limited to one commodity, the instantaneous utility is of the CES type, and available technology allows a positive growth rate.JEL Classification Numbers: C62, O41 We thank an anonymous referee of this journal for careful scrutiny and very useful suggestions