居民医保一体化对城乡消费差距的影响及空间效应——来自278个地级及以上城市的经验证据

居民医保一体化作为完善我国多层次医疗保障体系的一项重要举措，对于实现城乡统筹、促进消费公平、提高社会福利具有重要意义。在梳理我国居民医保一体化政策实施情况的基础上，基于2006—2019年278个地级及以上城市的面板数据，利用渐进DID、空间DID等方法探究居民医保一体化对城乡消费差距的影响效应和作用机制。结果表明：(1)居民医保一体化政策与城乡消费差距指数存在一定时空耦合特征，分别呈现由沿海到内陆逐步蔓延和由内陆到沿海逐渐缓和的趋势，在较早进行政策试点的珠三角、长三角、山东半岛等区域，其城乡消费差距指数也明显更低；(2)居民医保一体化能够显著缓解当地城乡消费差距，且存在空间溢出效应，会减缓经济发展水平相似城市的城乡消费差距，而加剧地理相邻城市的城乡消费差距；(3)居民医保一体化政策通过缩小城乡收入差距和减少预防性储蓄来缓解城乡消费差距，并且对消费差距的影响效应在不同经济聚集区域、不同经济发展水平城市具有异质性。     

我国医疗保障体系的构建时序与制度整合

国务院发布的新医改方案提出,到2020年我国要建立覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗保障体系和多层次医疗保障体系,并加以有机衔接。未来我国医疗保障体系的构建时序大致经过覆盖城乡、统筹城乡、整合城乡、城乡一体化,最后达到统一城乡的阶段。制度整合的原则包括公平优先、兼顾效率等原则,制度衔接与整合的重点领域包括新型农村合作医疗与城镇居民医疗保险衔接等四大领域以及管理机构的整合。     

我国城乡居民健康公平性研究

本文采用历史的、比较的分析方法,运用基尼系数、洛伦茨曲线等分析工具,分别从筹资公平、服务提供公平和健康公平三个方面对我国城乡居民健康公平问题进行了定性与定量分析,得出了新型农村合作医疗制度的开展显著降低了城乡卫生服务筹资的基尼系数等一系列结果.根据研究结果,对城乡健康公平性与二元社会结构,与政府干预、市场调节之间的关系作了分析,并对提高城乡健康公平性提出了相关政策建议.     

中国基尼系数与卫入关系研究

本文通过对对全国基尼系数与卫生投入占GDP比分析发现近十多年来全国基尼系数与卫生投入占GDP比率具有负相关关系,但相关关系并不十分明显,进而通过数据分析发现城乡人均卫生费用支出差距在逐渐拉大,从而削弱了这种相关关系.因此,为了缩小社会收入差距,实现更公平的社会分配,建立公平合理的卫生投入制度以及实现城乡一体化的医疗卫生保障制度就显得十分必要.     

统筹城乡基本医疗保险制度的路径研究

我国虽然已经建立起覆盖全民的基本医疗保险制度,但同时我们也该看到,由于制度的历史性问题,该保障制度存在非常明显的碎片化特征。具体说,就是我国基本医疗保险制度参保人群的区分是以是否就业、不同行政区以及城市与农村的差别为参照的,其能获得的保险待遇、基金管理都存在巨大差异,造成了城乡医疗保障之间的不公平现象,缺乏可持续性。为解决基本医疗保险制度的“二元”性,我国应当尽快推进统筹城乡医疗保险制度,因此,将主要探讨城乡基本医疗保障制度现状,以及统筹城乡基本医疗保障制度实施路径,并提出具体的整合框架与建议。     

城乡一体化进程中社会管理和公共服务体制创新问题

逐步改变城乡二元经济结构，推进城乡一体化，既是社会主义市场经济的本质要求，也是生产力发展的必然结果。推进城乡一体化的一个关键内容是使农民在社会管理和公共服务中享受平等的待遇，这包括与城市人口平等的户籍管理制度，就业与转移流动制度，社会保障制度，财政、税收制度，金融与科技、教育、文化、卫生服务制度等。但是，这一改革至少受到两个方面的制约：一是政府以财力为基础的公共服务能力的制约；二是城市容纳能力的制约，即便是城市本身和城市群体的不断发展，也有一个承受能力问题。显然，必须把握经济快速发展的有利时机，…     

城乡一体化的基本医疗保障制度研究

基本医疗保障制度是对一国人民的健康进行保障的一种制度和政策安排,完善的医疗保障制度对促进我国经济社会的发展有着战略性和全局性的意义。本文对城乡二元结构背景下,我国的基本医疗保障制度存在的保障水平较低、城乡衔接机制和筹资机制不完善等问题进行了探讨,提出了构建城乡一体化的基本医疗保障制度的构想,并对构建的必要性和遵循的原则进行了分析,最后得出结论:构建一体化的基本医疗保障制度需要从加大财政对农民医保支持力度、建立医保综合平台及创新医保经办服务和筹资机制几个方面入手。     

城乡医疗保障制度统筹发展的态势分析与思考

统筹城乡医疗保障制度发展符合社会保障制度的基本价值理念和医保制度的客观规律,文章在论述我国城乡医疗保障制度统筹发展应然性和必然性的基础上,分析了目前我国医疗保障制度的优势与障碍,指出了城乡医疗保障制度统筹发展的可能性与现实矛盾性,对我国城乡医疗保障制度统筹发展提出了合理化的路径选择。     

中国农村可持续发展的公平制度研究

本文在中国农村可持续发展公平性原则的基本界定基础上，通过对中国农村可持续发展的制度公平性分析，提出了以城乡一体化为手段促进城乡公平、以均衡开发为导向促进区际公平、以成本核算为依据促进合理补偿、以教育公平为纽带促进弱势群体的发展和以社会公平为准则促进农民参与的公平制度安排。     

制约我国农民增收的制度性因素分析及制度创新研究

农民增收是一个复杂而艰巨的社会重任，它不仅是一个经济问题，更是一个关系到社会安定和国富民强的国策问题。当前，制约我国农民增收的主要因素是制度性因素，如农地使用制度的缺陷导致农民增收困难；城乡分割的二元户籍制度限制了农民增收的渠道；不公平的税费制度使农民负担沉重；教育制度的缺憾导致农民素质低下；农产品流通制度改革的滞后造成农民利益长期受损等。所以，完善各种制度，并努力进行制度创新，当是解决农民增收问题的重要途径。     

A Comment on “The Dilemmas of Technology”

This paper documents Hohfeld's influence on interwar American institutionalism. We will mainly focus on three leading figures of the movement: John Rogers Commons, Robert Lee Hale, and John Maurice Clark. They regarded Hohfeld's contribution on jural relations as a preliminary step toward the understanding of the adversarial nature of legal rights. Albeit with substantial differences in style, method and emphasis, Hohfeld's schema provided a powerful analytical and rhetorical tool for their analysis.     

美元汇率长期波动动因探析

基于国际金融危机背景来研究美元价值与美国国债、美国股指、经常项目逆差以及大宗商品价格之间的相关性具有现实意义。通过选取美国国债、联邦基金利率、标准普尔指数、经常项目逆差以及国际大宗商品价格指数,运用Johansen协整检验、VEC模型、脉冲响应模型及Granger因果检验等计量方法进行考察后发现,美国国债的泛滥与美元贬值没有直接的因果关系;美元价值的波动与美国经济基本面(包括金融环境)的状况存在显著的长期相关性;美元指数的走势与国际金融市场中石油、黄金等大宗商品价格指数的走势相关,且后者对美元变动具有一定程度的短期预测效应。     

Safe havens in the face of Presidential election uncertainty: A comparison between Bitcoin,oil and precious metals

Even though the empirical literature on safe haven properties of different assets with respect to financial risks is increasing, their abilities to safeguard against political risks has not been the subject of large empirical investigations. This paper uses an Empirical Mode Decomposition-based approach to look into the time-varying role of different assets (in particular, oil, precious metals and Bitcoin) as a safe haven against U.S. stocks in times of heightened uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Our results suggest that oil can act as an effective safe haven against political risk exposure; but such property varies over time. The abilities of gold and silver to provide positive returns during downturns have been also documented in the medium-and the long-term. Bitcoin also serves as a safe haven against U.S. stock losses but in the short-term. These findings provide useful and relevant information to investors to help ensure better asset allocation in an uncertain environment.     

城市贫困成因:中美两国的对比

基于宏观层面,从社会制度、政策因素、结构调整、转型背景,以及剥夺、排斥和贫困文化等侧面对比分析了中美两国城市贫困问题产生及发展的作用因素,以期进一步明确和完善我国城市今后的减贫思路.如何切实避免类似于美国及其他西方国家的贫困文化对于我国的城市贫困治理和经济发展具有深远意义.     

美,日两国技术创新战略的比较与启示

本文对美、日两国的技术创新战略进行了比较，对两国技术创新战略的最新发展作了分析，在此基础上提出，根据我国国情和世界各国技术创新的发展趋势，我国的技术创新战略应确立为：自主创新为主．模仿创新为辅，自主创新与模仿创新相结合。     

Assessment of technological appropriateness: The case of Indonesian rural development

It is commonly recognized at the present that technological appropriateness is not an intrinsic quality of any technology, but it derived from the surroundings (technological as well as sociocultural, politicolegal, economic, and environmental) in which it is to be utilized and the specific purpose of its application. On this basis, this paper presents two case studies for the selection of appropriate technologies for rural development in Indonesia. The first case deals with the problem of identifying a “set of appropriate technologies” to be promoted for accelerated rural development. The second case deals with the problem of selecting the “most appropriate one” among available technologies of one kind. The assessment exercises are carried out using existing methodologies and inputs (such as national priorities, assessment factors, and decision weights) from Indonesian nationals. It is shown that the analysis can provide useful guidelines for science and technology policy planning in developing countries.     

张家港碳排放人类驱动分析

大量证据表明,人口的增加、经济的增长及城市化改变着人类生存的环境.现阶段并没有完整的衡量人类对环境影响的框架,文章在分析IPAT等式发展的基础上,应用STIRPAT对张家港1999～2005年人口,富裕程度及其他因素对其碳排放的影响.结果表明,在张家港城市化进程及经济发展的过程中,人口因素是影响其碳排放最重要的因素,人口数量与环境影响呈现明显的正相关变化,富裕程度增加对环境的影响存在不同的产业有不同的影响,总体上第一产业总值的增加对碳排放影响较大,而城市化率对环境的影响程度不是十分明显.     

Normative and positive theories of public finance: contrasting Musgrave and Buchanan

This paper assesses James M. Buchanan's claim of following a positive approach in stark contrast to the normative approach to public finance of Richard A. Musgrave. The goal of this paper is to shed light on the foundations of modern American public finance by analysing one aspect of the methodology of its two most prominent fathers. I show (1) that it is difficult to distinguish Musgrave's and Buchanan's theories of public goods along the positive/normative dividing line and (2) that Buchanan's theory can also be considered normative. In the first three parts, I follow the Weberian methodological tradition in looking for value judgements in the theories, and by reflecting on the nature of ideal types. In the last part, I propose a broader interpretation of Buchanan's methodological stance within the academic context of the 1960s.     

A quantitative model for the evaluation of technological alternatives

This paper presents a quantitative model that may be of use to the national development planners, investment funding authorities, and entrepreneurs, who are confronted with the problems of choosing the appropriate technology among many available alternatives. The model provides a systematic and analyst-independent methodology for the multicriterion technology selection process, which requires consideration of socioeconomic as well as technological factors. The procedure is mathematically straightforward and has the capability of integrating both objective and subjective aspects of the evaluation process, resulting in a unified technology measure as a guide for decision making. A case study is presented to illustrate the applicability and workability of the development model.     

Beyond the principle of population: Malthus's Essay

Abstract

After an introductory section, this article reviews reasons and arguments establishing the invalidity of Malthus's construct of a ‘principle of population’. Section 3 propounds that Malthus's theory is located beyond the principle of population, with the oscillation figure as its centre. Section 4 takes note of the trajectory which the Essay describes between natural and moral science, assesses inequality and growth as the two focal points of Malthus's theory and eventually observes Malthus looking forward to a state beyond the dictates of growth.