市场价值、生产效率与上市公司多元化经营：理论与证据

理论建模和实证分析表明,在股票市场资源配置缺乏效率的情况下,多元化经营对上市公司的市场价值和生产效率具有不同影响。多元化经营最大化了市场价值,但却显著降低了生产效率。这一发现揭示了新兴市场下多元化经营有着自身特点,它体现出一种市场机会主义的短视行为,并由此导致了公司投资扭曲和长期绩效损失。     

多元化经营与企业价值:我国上市公司多元化溢价的实证分析

多元化经营与企业价值之间的关系是近年来公司金融领域的一个研究热点.为此,该文建立起我国上市公司多元化程度的相关数据库,通过间接检验内部资本市场理论的实证含义,深入分析多元化经营与企业价值的理论与经验关系,发现:我国上市公司存在显著的多元化溢价现象,多元化公司具有较大的市值一账面值比、Tobin's q 和超额价值;在控制住规模、无形资产、财务杠杆和股利政策等影响企业价值的因素后,多元化溢价仍位于0.09?0.16之间;产生多元化溢价的原因是价值高的企业更倾向于采取多元化经营战略,并且我国上市公司的内部资本市场可能较为有效.     

多元化经营与企业价值：我国上市公司多元化溢价的实证分析

多元化经营与企业价值之间的关系是近年来公司金融领域的一个研究热点。为此，本文建立起我国上市公司多元化程度的相关数据库，通过间接检验内部资本市场理论的实证含义，深入分析多元化经营与企业价值的理论与经验关系，发现：我国上市公司存在显著的多元化溢价现象，多元化公司具有较大的市值一账面值比、Tobiffsq和超额价值；在控制住规模、无形资产、财务杠杆和股利政策等影响企业价值的因素后，多元化溢价仍位于0．09～0．16之间；产生多元化溢价的原因是价值高的企业更倾向于采取多元化经营战略，并且我国上市公司的内部资本市场可能较为有效。     

公司特质、市场激励与上市公司多元化经营

公司多元化经营是一个在理论界颇具争议的话题 ,许多有关多元化经营结果在资本市场上表现的理论和经验研究往往得出对立的结论。本文基于公司特异性思想 ,在Lucas的动态递归理论框架下 ,探讨了公司特质与市场激励以及公司多元化经营边界之间的相互关系 ,并从理论上统一了对多元化本身的争论。同时 ,本文对沪深两市 3 79家上市公司 1 998— 2 0 0 0年间多元化经营状况变动与公司价值变动情况、经营绩效的研究证实了模型的有关推断 ,即多元化经营本身是中性的 ,但多元化经营的方式、多元化经营的边界与上市公司的超额价值以及经营绩效之间存在显著的相关性。     

社会价值、市场效率与收入分配

本文介绍我们所研究的总量消费者剩余方法。我们将老子的"为而不争"对应为市场经济的优化原理,定义为老子第二原则。老子第二原则在个人水平上的实现使市场有效率并达到个人水平上的帕累托最优。而老子第一原则"天之道利而无害"对应于帕累托改进,代表着社会进步的方向。由于自由市场不能自动实现最优收入分配,遵循"老子第一原则"的最大可能的社会进步的实现超越于自由市场力量之外。     

大股东控制、多元化经营与公司价值

笔者以2004年～2008年的上市公司为样本,实证考察了控股股东的攫取私利动机对多元化公司价值的影响.研究结果表明,转型经济条件下的多元化经营不一定有益或有损于公司价值,而控股股东两权分离引起的代理问题导致了一定程度的多元化折价现象,在控股股东拥有绝对控制权时,控股股东的两权分离显著恶化了多元化公司价值.     

社会价值、市场效率与收入分配

本介绍我们所研究的总量消费剩余方法。我们将老子的“为而不争”对应为市场经济的优化原理，定义为老子第二原则。老子第二原则在个人水平上的实现使市场有效率并达到个人水平上的帕累托最优。而老子第一原则“天之道利而无害”对应于帕累托改进，代表着社会进步的方向。由于自由市场不能自动实现最优收入分配。遵循“老子第一原则”的最大可能的社会进步的实现超越于自由市场力量之外。     

多元化经营、企业价值与收益波动研究——以中国上市公司为例的实证研究

本文指出,马里斯关于企业利润与增长之间存在负相关关系的前提假设不适应于我国上市公司,对处于经济转轨时期的中国上市公司而言,增长与利润之间的关系可能表现出新的特征.本文的研究表明,我国上市公司的多元化对企业价值具有正效应,多元化经营可以提高企业的价值;企业的多元化对企业收益的波动具有负效应,即多元化降低了企业收益的波动程度;没有明显的迹象表明,我国上市公司的多元化经营与绩效关系之间的拐点已经出现.本研究在一定程度上解释了现阶段我国上市公司为什么普遍采取多元化经营这一模式的动机.     

多元化经营的理论溯源和演变

文章总结了过去40年理论界和企业界对多元化经营的理论探索和经营实践,提出多元化和专业化无优劣之分,采取这两种战略都可能为企业创造超额回报;同时,既有创造价值的不相关多元化企业,也有破坏价值的单一业务企业和相关多元化企业。中国企业的多元化战略取决于具体的经济环境和企业的独特资源和能力。     

多元化经营对企业价值的影响研究综述

文章回顾了近十多年来多元化经营对企业价值影响的研究以及多元化发展趋势研究中分歧的理论和实证,阐述了三种不同的观点及其论据,即多元化损害企业价值、多元化不损害企业价值以及多元化创造企业价值。分歧的主要原因在于多元化界定的差异和研究数据本身的局限性。     

PRODUCTIVITY MATTERS FOR TRADE POLICY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*

In the growth literature that investigates the effect of trade liberalization on productivity, nearly all studies assume that trade policy is determined independently of productivity, and, hence, it is exogenous. I show, both theoretically and empirically, that this assumption is not valid in general. I find that in Colombia more productive sectors receive more protection and the sectors with higher productivity gains are liberalized less even in the presence of a large unilateral liberalization shock that affects all sectors. Researchers may be underestimating the positive effect of liberalization on productivity when they do not account for the endogeneity bias.     

QUALITY COMPETITION WITH STOCHASTIC DEMAND AND COSTLY SEARCH: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM THE VIDEO RENTAL MARKET

A theoretical model is developed to predict optimal service rates in markets where firms compete in availability. We show that firms are more likely to stock-out of popular products as the cost of consumer search increases. Carlton (1978) showed that, in a zero-profit competitive environment, firms balance the risk of not being able to serve a particular customer against the cost of holding excess capacity and that this balancing act will result in an equilibrium in which not all customers are served. The model was later adapted to oligopolistic competition by Peters (1984) and Deneckere and Peck (1995) . This paper extends this literature on competition under stochastic demand by developing a model that incorporates 1) the possibility that customers may be able to purchase from another firm in the case of a stock-out and 2) the option for firms to offer an imperfect substitute in order to persuade some customers to make a purchase when the first choice product is out of stock. Empirical evidence is presented in support of the theoretical model using data collected from video rental outlets in a midsize southeastern US city.     

TAXES,REGULATIONS AND THE CORPORATE DEBT MARKET*

Outstanding credit market debt in the U.S. corporate sector increased dramatically over the second half of the 20th century. During this period, tax rates on dividend distributions and corporate income decreased. This article argues that the observed decline in dividend and corporate income tax rates generated an improvement in the collateral value of corporate assets and led to an increase in U.S. corporate debt. To analyze this conjecture, we build a general equilibrium model with enforcement constraints that induce endogenous limits on debt financing. We find that the model can account for the time‐series features of U.S. corporate debt data.     

MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND A THEORY OF DIVERSIFICATION

This paper investigates the basis for a behavioural theory of diversification. A theory of diversification may be required (i) for full analysis of competitive processes, which include innovation and cross-entry competition, and (ii) to understand the selection of diversification projects in individual firms. Alternative optimising and non-optimising models are feasible. The choice between these alternatives will be considered after the non-optimising model has been developed.
Section I outlines the basic model and the general predictions which it generates. In section II the predictions are subjected to a coarse test, which is taken to justify further investigation of the model's properties. The model is developed more fully in section III.     

农地市场对耕地零碎化的影响-理论与来自苏浙鲁的经验

农地市场可能是矫正耕地零碎化的一个工具.但是,由于存在较高的交易费用,农户自发交易耕地对耕地零碎化的影响可能是不显著的.此时,村集体介入农地市场可能降低交易费用,促进土地集中和规模经营,从而降低耕地零碎化程度.该文利用2000年苏浙鲁1083个农户的调查数据对以上假说进行了验证.     

农地市场对耕地零碎化的影响-理论与来自苏浙鲁的经验

农地市场可能是矫正耕地零碎化的一个工具。但是,由于存在较高的交易费用,农户自发交易耕地对耕地零碎化的影响可能是不显著的。此时,村集体介入农地市场可能降低交易费用,促进土地集中和规模经营,从而降低耕地零碎化程度。本文利用2000年苏浙鲁1083个农户的调查数据对以上假说进行了验证。     

INFORMATION AND PRICE DISPERSION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

Limited information is the key element generating price dispersion in models of homogeneous-goods markets. We show that the global relationship between information and price dispersion is an inverse-U shape. We test this mechanism for the retail gasoline market using a new measure of information based on commuter data from Austria. Commuters sample gasoline prices on their commuting route, providing us with spatial variation in the share of informed consumers. Our empirical estimates are in line with the theoretical predictions. We also quantify how information affects average prices paid and the distribution of surplus in the gasoline market.     

企业捐赠、市场认知与盈余信息含量

企业的捐赠行为在某种程度上是出于慈善的“社会责任”动机,也可能表现为战略性绩效改善动机。本文研究发现,目前中国的资本市场中,捐赠行为还没有被市场所认可,股东会认为捐献降低了可供股东分配的资源和利润,损害股东利益,因此给予负面评价。市场对于不同的捐赠动机会给出不同的评价。如果企业捐赠更多地表现为战略性绩效改善动机,那么市场会给予积极的正面评价,这种捐赠能够提高盈余的信息含量,可能的原因在于,市场和投资者现阶段更加关注的是企业的短期盈利问题。     

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN JAPAN AND THE UK: CODES,THEORY AND PRACTICE

We reflect on the evolution of corporate governance and the role of institutional investors in enhancing governance in Japan and the UK. Japan places emphasis on stakeholder capitalism, whereas the UK places emphasis on shareholder capitalism. Nonetheless, in both countries, institutional investors have exerted significant influence on the evolution of corporate governance. Institutional investors in the UK have more power over company management than their Japanese counterparts, although it is alleged that these powers are not exercised to their best potential in either country.