Intermediaries,Firm Heterogeneity and Exporting Behaviour

In this paper, we present one of the first work on the relation between firm productivity and exporting behaviour in the presence of intermediaries. Using a standard trade framework à la Melitz (2003, Econometrica, 71 , 6, 1695) and Chaney (2009, American Economic Review, 98, 4 , 1707), we find that the most productive firms have sales in the home country and also exporting directly to foreign countries, followed by firms with sales in the home country and exporting both directly and through intermediaries, by firms with sales in the home country and exporting through intermediaries, and finally by firms with sales in the home country only. These theoretical predictions are borne out in a data set of 12,679 firms in 29 developing economies during the 2002–06 period.     

生产率和产品品质双重异质性对企业出口的影响:文献综述

伴随着异质性企业贸易理论的兴起,国际贸易理论研究开始真正给予产品品质差异问题以足够的重视。引入产品品质差异,在生产率和产品品质双重异质性框架下重新剖析企业出口行为选择、出口价格决定及其空间分布特征是异质性贸易理论发展的最新前沿动态,理论研究和经验分析都得到许多创新性观点。与此同时,为克服以单位价格衡量企业出口产品品质进行经验分析的缺陷,多种出口产品品质的测算方法得到开发,如直接估计法、品质调整价格指数法和反推法等。本文梳理了目前国内外已有的理论研究文献,并对相关的经验研究和出口产品品质的测算方法进行比较性评述,指出未来的研究方向。     

Firm Heterogeneity,Origin of Ownership and Export Participation

This paper investigates the relationship between firm heterogeneity and a firm’s decision to export, using the annual survey of Thai manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2004. A significant contribution of this paper is that we are, for the first time, able to break down FDI by country of origin to observe whether the behaviour of MNEs differs by region of origin. We find that sunk entry costs and firm characteristics are important factors in explaining a firm’s decision to export. Another important determinant is the ownership structure of the firm, with foreign‐owned firms having a higher probability of exporting than domestically owned firms, although this differs across country of ownership with potentially important policy implications. Export platform FDI is used to explain the behaviour of foreign firms that invest in Thailand. Using three measures of total factor productivity, we also find that highly productive firms self‐select into the export market. The implication for governments of developing countries is the need to think carefully about how and to whom they target their inward FDI policies as a means of growth. The heterogeneous behaviour of multinationals from different nations means that policies targeting specific regions or countries may be preferable to general tax concessions or the implementation of special economic zones that are open to all.     

内生创新、进出口行为与企业的绩效

企业创新能力与企业的绩效紧密相连。文章以异质性企业实证产业组织理论模型为基础,提出了全面测度企业内生R&D与进出口行为影响企业绩效的实证研究框架,探究了企业异质性与R&D的动态交互机制和企业绩效之间的相互关系。研究结论表明,企业进口的产品类别、R&D以及它们的交互机制,在提高企业的TFP的同时,能够显著地提高企业的价格加成。不同所有制结构下的效应明显不同。据此提出了优化异质性企业R&D投资组合和提升企业绩效的对策建议。     

减税降费、民营企业异质性与创新发展

民营企业创新发展关系到我国现代化经济体系建设和市场经济的繁荣稳定,本文运用民营企业横截面数据,实证分析减税降费与民营企业创新发展之间的内在逻辑.研究视角定位于企业的异质性,从民营企业的营收规模、技术密集度、员工规模等不同角度,探讨减税降费政策实施后减降红利收益在异质性民营企业间的归属.研究发现:实质性减税降费政策对大型民营企业而言是多重利好,对中小型民营企业而言则存在显著差异;员工规模与减税降费红利成正相关,营收规模与减税降费红利的相关性因营收规模不同而有差别.本文基于研究结论提出了相应的对策建议.     

Complementary Goods: Prices and Consumer Welfare Under Duopoly and Monopoly

We examine prices, profits, and consumer surplus for differentiated complementary goods under duopoly and a multi‐product monopoly. We find that little can be said about the relative magnitudes of prices of the components of a system of complementary goods under the alternative market structures. Although demand complementarity can lead to lower prices for either the primary or the secondary good under monopoly, both prices are not necessarily lower. The results unique to this paper are that, when two complementary goods form a system, the system price is unambiguously lower and consumer surplus and profits are higher under a multi‐product monopoly.     

内外资效率门槛、异质性对企业自主创新的时空影响

内外资效率差异对异质企业R&D投资产生了显著的时空和门槛影响。首先,构建异质性理论模型认为,异质企业R&D投资存在自选择效应,金融效率门槛对R&D资金差异配置导致其R&D投资规模提升程度不同。其次,结合三阶段DEA模型、工业企业数据及空间计量发现,(1)内外资效率对企业R&D投资具有空间溢出影响且随时间变化程度增强,其效率差异在东西中部地区边际递减(2)异质企业R&D自选择行为在不同企业中显著存在且内外资效率门槛特征显著存在。衍生功能缺失下的内资低效对生产率较低企业R&D投资错配影响显著,但随其门槛值提高,低效现象逐渐弱化;外资效率对生产率较高企业R&D投资影响显著,两者具有互补性。提升内资效率是跨越企业R&D投资瓶颈的重要途径。     

出口产品质量、行业异质性与工薪差距

使用CEPII 中BACI-HS02 的微观贸易数据库,选取中国2007-2016 年制造业21个细分行业的面板数据,从不同类型行业角度研究了出口产品质量升级对工薪差距的影响及作用机制.研究结果发现:从总体来看,出口产品质量提升扩大了工薪差距,但出口产品质量对工薪差距的影响具有行业异质性,中高技术行业的出口产品质量提高将扩大工薪差距,低技术行业出口产品质量变化对工薪差距没有影响;分行业来看,低中高技术行业的出口份额变化对工薪差距没有影响,资本劳动比提高将会扩大工薪差距,高技术行业研发投入增加会扩大工薪差距,中技术行业利用外资增加会扩大工薪差距;出口产品质量提高将提升出口产品价格,但出口产品质量对产品价格的影响存在行业异质性,其中,高技术行业出口产品质量提高将提升产品价格以及高技能劳动力的技能溢价,低技术行业出口产品质量提高将降低出口产品价格,中技术行业出口产品质量对出口产品价格没有影响;工薪差距与高技能劳动力供给之间存在倒U形的关系,即工薪差距随高技能劳动力供给的增加呈现先扩大后缩小的变动趋势.     

企业异质性与FDI行为:理论研究进展综述

基于企业异质性视角解释跨国企业的对外直接投资行为是目前国际直接投资领域的研究前沿和热点之一。本文从国际化路径、投资方式、投资动机三个方面对异质性跨国企业FDI行为的相关理论研究成果进行了梳理和评述,以清晰地刻画关于企业异质性与FDI行为的最新理论研究动向和成果,最后指出了该领域目前研究的不足及未来可拓展的方向。     

Innovation and Trade Policy Coordination: The Role of Firm Heterogeneity

Recent studies have concluded that R&D grants can induce firms to export and that exporting and innovating can be complementary activities at the firm level. Yet the trade literature has paid little attention to the scope of innovation policy as a stimulus to both trade and innovation. To investigate this question, we rely on a general workhorse model of trade and firm heterogeneity with firm investments in R&D activities. The interplay of innovation and trade policies uncover novel results. In particular, we show that the effects of either policy depend on the degree of protectionism in a country. Therefore, countries can respond differently to the same policy, and similarly to different policies. In such a context, different governments may face different trade‐offs in achieving a given target.     

外资进入与企业出口贸易增加值——基于中国微观企业异质性视角

本文利用2001-2007年中国微观企业数据,在对企业出口贸易增加值测算的基础上,从动态角度分析了外资进入对我国企业出口贸易增加值率产生的作用效应及影响机制。研究发现:外资存在显著促进了我国企业出口贸易增加值率的提升,而外资进入速度和规律性则产生了明显的抑制作用;发达国家外资是提升我国企业出口贸易增加值率的主要推动力,港澳台地区外资的作用并不显著;行业技术水平显著调节外资存在对企业出口贸易增加值率的促进作用,但调节作用因外资来源不同而存在差异。我国应继续发挥外资进入的溢出效应,实施有选择的引资政策,创造公平市场环境,提高企业生产率、人力资本水平及研发投入,这是提升企业出口贸易增加值、推进我国由贸易大国向贸易强国转变的必要途径。     

Women Entrepreneurs and Family Firm Heterogeneity: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Family firms add to the economic and social well-being of countries. While research on heterogeneity of family firms is gaining momentum, it has mostly been gender-neutral. The study fills this gap by examining heterogeneity of family firms owned and managed by women, in the context of a developing country—Brazil. The study draws upon the resource-based view of the firm to investigate the relationships between firm performance, family involvement, and financial resources at the start-up phase. An inductive analysis reveals two patterns. First, family firms that are started with the family achieve better performance than firms that are launched without the family and later evolve into a family business. Second, family firms that are funded with women entrepreneur’s own savings achieve worse performance than family firms that are started with borrowed funds. The results are useful for strategic decision making in fostering family businesses headed by women and proactive public policies for future innovation to enhance the success of women entrepreneurs.     

Redistribution of Trade Gains in the Presence of Firm and Worker Heterogeneity

Trade gains are unequally distributed; in particular, low‐ability workers lose out in terms of wages and employment probability. In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution schemes on aggregate and disaggregate variables. To this end, we built a trade model with trade unions, heterogeneous firms and workers. Three redistribution schemes are distinguished: unemployment benefits financed by either a wage tax, a payroll tax or a profit tax. We find that: (i) all three redistribution schemes reduce output per capita; (ii) but the marginal reduction is lowest in the wage tax funding scenario; and (iii) If the profit tax is used, labour demand for low‐ability workers increases.     

Anti‐dumping Duty and Firm Heterogeneity: Evidence from Korea

This study examines the imposition of anti‐dumping (AD) duties on imported products in Korea. We use panel data for Korean firms between 2000 and 2012 and estimate the firm‐level productivity of import‐competing firms before and after AD imposition. Using a difference‐in‐difference framework, we compare firm productivity changes in a treatment group that receives AD protection to a control group that does not. In contrast to recent findings on the effects of AD measures, we find that the average protected firms experience productivity loss during the AD protection period. Examining the changes in external market condition and internal resource allocation during the protection period, such loss appears to be more evident inside highly concentrated import‐competing sectors. Further, we find that protected firms are more likely to reallocate their resources abroad via FDI at the expense of domestic production and investment once they receive temporary protection.     

Board of Director Quality and Firm Performance

This paper aims to shed light on the relationship between the quality of the individuals on a firm's board of directors and performance. It reports the results of an empirical study of a sample of Fortune 1000 firms. The findings suggest that quality boards, as measured by the average number of board seats held by each director, are associated with quality firms, as measured by both accounting and market performance.     

Endogenous Market Structures in the Presence of a Socially Responsible Firm

We consider the endogenous selection of strategic contracts in an asymmetric duopoly with substitutable goods. the duopoly comprises a typical managerial firm with a sales delegation and a socially responsible firm (CSR firm) with a linear combination of social welfare and quantity as its managerial delegation contract. In particular, we examine how the equilibrium market structure changes from the case wthere both firms adopt sales delegation contracts to the case wthere one of the firms becomes a CSR firm, after the owners of the firms select their strategic contracts. We show that two market structures that are asymmetric with respect to their strategic contracts can become equilibrium market structures under the pure strategic contract class. Furthermore, we consider a unique mixed strategy equilibrium to examine how the risk domination between the two asymmetric equilibrium market structures affects equilibrium selection. there, we find that the competition wthere the firm with the sales delegation and the CSR firm have a price contract and a quantity contract, respectively, risk-dominates the competition wthere the firms have a quantity contract and a price contract, respectively. Finally, by deriving the order of social welfare among the four subgames, we show that the social incentive does not coincide with the private incentive in the robust equilibrium with respect to risk domination in the endogenous selection game of the strategic contracts of the asymmetric duopoly with the firm with a sales delegation and the CSR firm.     

基于企业异质性的产业空间分布演化新动力

通过一个“新”新经济地理模型分析产业空间分布的动力机制,发现:除传统的集聚力(本地市场效应、价格指数效应)和分散力(拥挤效应)外,微观企业的选择效应是产业空间分布的“第四动力”.其作用路径:一是企业层面,给定外部竞争水平,效率异质性可能是“外围”高效率企业向“中心”集聚的“向心力”,也可能是“中心”低效率企业向“外围”迁移的“分散力”;二是区域层面,给定现有产业空间结构和外部竞争水平,较高的区域平均生产率门槛值促使低效率企业更趋于集聚,以通过“抱团效应”抵消竞争压力;三是产业层面,给定企业个体特征,产业内企业异质性初始程度和边际变化的作用方向是有差异的,既可能是集聚力,也可能是向心力.基于企业异质性的空间为产业份额和市场效率的双重“中心—外围”结构.     

我国公共产品价格形成机制的深层次矛盾分析

合理的公共产品价格对于提高居民消费能力和生活质量、稳定物价总水平、提高国民经济的整体竞争力以及促进民营经济发展起着举足轻重的作用。推高公共产品价格上涨的表面因素是成本上升,深层次原因是制度因素,如公共产品产业拆分改革不到位、国有资产保值增值的经营目标与政府定价调控政策相冲突、对公共产品政府定价行为缺乏有效的制衡机制。     

基于企业异质性的增加值贸易核算研究综述

基于企业异质性的增加值贸易研究,是深入分析增加值贸易中的国内部分的微观基础性工作,对于认识增加值贸易中企业层面的驱动因素具有重要意义。本文归纳与梳理了增加值贸易核算的研究脉络,分析了企业异质性对增加值贸易核算的影响,详细评述了基于企业异质性的增加值贸易核算的两类方法,并提出了深化研究的方向。