Total factor productivity growth in Central and Eastern Europe before,during and after the global financial crisis

This article presents growth accounting results for 11 EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe for the years 1996–2016. Its contributions include the estimation of new capital stock series and adjustment for the utilisation of capital stock. Before the crisis, growth in total factor productivity (TFP) was the main contributor to output growth in Slovenia, Hungary and Slovakia, while capital deepening was more important in the Czech Republic, Croatia and Poland. During the global financial crisis the contributions of TFP and capital growth differed markedly across the countries, reflecting the very diverse dynamics of the crisis. After the crisis the contribution of TFP growth has been negligible in all of the sample countries coinciding with generally weak output growth. The results are generally robust to changes in estimation methods and parametrisations, but some assumptions regarding the construction of the capital stock series are critical for the results.     

我国西部地区经济增长中的技术因素分析

利用1978—2010年我国西部地区12省市的数据,测算了我国西部地区的资本、劳动力和TFP对经济增长的贡献率。结果显示:当期我国西部地区的经济增长主要源于资本投入;但是,由于资本对经济增长的贡献太大,因此TFP呈相对平稳下降趋势,TFP对经济增长的作用还不是很明显。指出:若2010—2020年西部地区TFP对经济增长的贡献率为37.1%,则西部地区能实现以技术进步带来可持续增长。最后提出西部地区实现经济可持续增长的政策建议。     

Sectoral Capital–Labor Ratios and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Asia

This paper examines the relationship between sectoral capital–labor ratios and total factor productivity (TFP) for six Asian economies in the context of the Balassa–Samuelson model. A strong prediction of the model is that the capital–labor ratios in both the traded‐ and nontraded‐goods sectors depend on the TFP in the traded‐goods sector. Both single‐equation and panel cointegration tests support this implication of the model.     

Factor function characteristics and origin of economic growth of China

The paper makes an empirical study on factor contribution and its stage variation characteristics during 1952–2005 and 1978–2005 in China. GMM and OLS tests show that the robustness and significance level of the institution, the physical capital and human capital’s contributions are much higher than other factors, and 70% of economic growth is boosted by the capital and the labor input. Factor contribution decomposition and TFP growth indicate trade has the most remarkable influence on economic growth. The state space model finds that physical capital, human capital, technological progress, finance, trade and institution have different effects on economic growth in different periods. Namely, factor contribution does have the characteristics of stage variation.     

ICT AND EUROPE's PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE: INDUSTRY-LEVEL GROWTH ACCOUNT COMPARISONS WITH THE UNITED STATES

In this paper we present a new industry-level database to analyze sources of growth in four major European countries: France, Germany, Netherlands and the United Kingdom (EU-4), in comparison with the United States for the period 1979–2000. Aggregate labor productivity growth is decomposed into industry-level contributions of labor quality, ICT and non-ICT capital deepening and TFP. A small set of service industries is mainly responsible for the acceleration in ICT capital deepening in both regions, but their contribution to growth is lower in the EU-4 than in the U.S. TFP in these ICT-intensive services accelerated in the U.S. in the 1990s, but not in Europe. In addition, widespread deceleration in non-ICT capital deepening in the EU-4 has led to a European labor productivity slowdown.     

改革开放后我国全要素生产率的变动与资本投入

运用索罗的经济增长因素分析法,通过实证检验1978年以来我国全要素生产率增长的变动,定量分析改革开放进程中资本、劳动要素投入和全要素生产率增长对经济增长的贡献,笔者发现,我国的经济增长仍属于要素投入型增长模式,全要素生产率增长对经济增长的贡献较低,近年还呈现下降趋势。今后,我们必须改变经济增长方式,按照科学发展观的要求,提高全要素生产率对经济增长的贡献率,实现效率型经济增长。     

技术效率、资本深化与地区差异——基于随机前沿模型的中国地区收敛分析

本文提出了基于随机前沿生产函数的地区增长差异分析框架,将各地区劳均产出差距分解为劳均资本差异、经济规模差异和全要素生产率差异三个部分。利用改革时期的省级数据,本文发现尽管要素投入仍然是中国经济增长的主要源泉,但全要素生产率是造成地区差异的重要原因,在地区劳均产出差异中的贡献份额不断提高,将成为今后中国地区增长差异的主要决定力量。而且,1990年以来中国地区全要素生产率呈现出绝对发散趋势,严重的技术扩散壁垒加剧了体制转轨过程中的“马太效应”,短期内地区差距不会随经济发展而缩小,政府需要通过适当的政策对地区发展进行调节,尤其要促进地区间技术扩散,使各地区更好地分享技术创新和体制创新的成果。     

从全要素生产率增长看经济增长方式的变化

中国全要素生产率增长的变化主要经历了三个阶段.20世纪80年代的波动增长期,90年代的稳定发展期和2000年以后的下降恢复期.就各要素对经济增长的贡献来说,资本投入的贡献是推动中国经济增长的主要动力,平均占到46.90%;劳动投入的贡献较为稳定,但水平相对较低,只有17.36%;全要素生产率的贡献平均维持在35.75%的水平.因此,从整体来看,中国经济增长的方式仍然没有摆脱效率较低的粗放型增长,但其趋势是向着集约型增长发展.     

Sudden stops,sectoral reallocations,and the real exchange rate

A sudden stop of capital flows into a developing country tends to be followed by a rapid switch from trade deficits to surpluses, a depreciation of the real exchange rate, and decreases in output and total factor productivity. Substantial reallocation takes place from the nontraded sector to the traded sector. We construct a multisector growth model, calibrate it to the Mexican economy, and use it to analyze Mexico's 1994–95 crisis. When subjected to a sudden stop, the model accounts for the trade balance reversal and the real exchange rate depreciation, but it cannot account for the decreases in GDP and TFP. Extending the model to include labor frictions and variable capital utilization, we still find that it cannot quantitatively account for the dynamics of output and productivity without losing the ability to account for the movements of other variables.     

基于“索洛余值法”测算湖北TFP贡献率的实证分析

在当前市场体制下,推动经济增长的主要力量逐渐由资本、劳动等物质要素转向以技术为代表的综合要素生产率（TFP）因素,资本与劳动之外的综合生产要素对经济增长的贡献率已成为判定区域经济增长模式的主要指标之一,特别是中国已经迎来刘易斯拐点（Lewis Turning-Point）和人口红利逐渐消失的情况下,综合要素生产率取代投入成为经济增长新的驱动力显得尤为重要。根据湖北省近年来相关经济数据,运用Cobb—Douglas生产函数和索洛余值计算TFP对经济增长的贡献率,最终就如何进一步提高湖北省的综合要素生产率提出相关建议。     

中美两国制造业全要素生产率比较研究

本文报告了根据 Jorgenson 方法所做的中国与美国的制造业分行业的全要素生产率的国际比较,以及中国制造业1985—1994年间全要素生产率的增长率。比较发现,就资本生产率和全要素生产率来说,中美之间的差距相对比较小,而就劳动生产率的差距来说,中美之间的差距相当大。美国制造业劳动生产率大约是中国制造业劳动生产率的17.67倍,但是美国制造业的全要素生产率大约是中国制造业全要素生产率的5倍。而中国制造业全要素生产率在1986—1994年间的平均增长实际有0.67%的减退。     

人力资本与经济增长:对中国的实证分析

本文利用北卡罗来那大学Chapel Hill分校和中国预防医学会营养与食品卫生研究所的调查数据，估计出1990年～2000年我国的工资方程和人力资本增长率。结合该时期经济增长，资本存量和劳动投入数据，我估算出中国20世纪90年代的全要素生产率，以及各因素对经济增长的贡献。此外，本文还详细讨论了统计年鉴中产出、资本和劳动数据存在的问题，在对以往的研究进行详细比较的基础上选择了适当的纠正方法。     

Financial frictions and total factor productivity: Accounting for the real effects of financial crises

Financial crises in emerging economies are accompanied by a large fall in total factor productivity. We explore the role of financial frictions in exacerbating the misallocation of resources and explaining this drop in TFP. We build a two-sector model of a small open economy with a working capital constraint on the purchase of intermediate goods. The model is calibrated to Mexico before the 1995 crisis and subjected to an unexpected shock to interest rates. The financial friction generates an endogenous fall in TFP and output and can explain more than half of the fall in TFP and 74 percent of the fall in GDP per worker.     

全要素生产率与中国经济增长关系研究——基于VAR模型视角

运用TFP的变动来对经济增长潜力展开分析,是国内外经济学界的常见研究思路。从新古典模型出发,对改革开放以来的中国TFP进行估算分解,并构建TFP、GDP增长、资本增长和劳动力增长之间的VAR模型。实证研究认为,目前中国已进入跨越式发展时期,应大力发展资本市场,促进资本要素的有效流动,促进产业结构优化,将提高劳动力受教育水平作为重要发展战略,注重进行技术基础的革新,提高经济增长质量,促进经济发展方式向集约型发展方式转变。     

Is Public Capital Productive in China? Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Provinces

In addition to the direct productivity effect, public capital also has an indirect effect on private capital stock and labor input. This paper offers an evaluation of both the direct and indirect effects of Chinese public capital by applying a trans-log aggregate production function including public capital stock to a panel of regional data from 1986–2009. Moreover, we calculate the impact of public capital on regional total factor productivity (TFP) performance by introducing a system GMM estimation. The results show that the output elasticity of Chinese public capital stock is significantly positive, but decreasing year on year, and public capital is found to be a substitute for labor but complementary to private capital input. Finally, public capital has a significant positive effect on regional TFP performance.     

技术进步对经济增长的贡献度分析——基于长三角和珠三角5个地区的实证分析

改革开放后引入的大量外资与我国充足劳动力的完美结合,使得我国经济多年保持两位数的高位增长,而技术进步水平的不断提高对我国经济发展也作出了重要贡献。采用索洛余值法测算资本、劳动力和技术进步对我国长三角和珠三角部分地区1990—2009年经济发展的贡献度。分析得出:长三角和珠三角的5个代表性省市在经济增长贡献度方面,起初资本和劳动投入对经济增长的贡献度较高,而技术进步的波动性却很大,之后技术进步水平逐步趋于稳定,并基本维持在对经济增长贡献70%左右的水平。充分说明在这5个地区的经济发展中,技术进步起到了重要的推动作用。     

区域金融结构与经济增长

通过对1994—2006年间中国各省的经验数据进行分析,考察其与各地区全要素生产率的关系,并采用面板固定效应模型对中国各省的数据进行实证研究,发现随着各地区的进一步发展,企业平均规模较大的地区,TFP随着金融机构融资占比的增大而减少;同时市场化程度越高的地区,TFP随着金融机构融资占比增大而减少。随着经济发展水平的提高,以银行为主的融资占比结构的逐步下降将更适应于经济增长。     

Firms' Innovation,Public Financial Support,and Total Factor Productivity: The Case of Manufactures in Peru

Based upon an adjusted Crepon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM) model, this paper analyzes the relationship between investment intensity, public financial support, innovation, and total factor productivity (TFP) for a sample of manufacturing firms of Peru with data obtained from the 2004 survey of science, technology, and innovation (STI) activities. The estimation of the model indicates that large firms are more likely to invest in STI activities and firms' size increases the probability of producing technological inovation (TI) and non‐technological innovation (NTI). STI firms' investment intensity and public financial support have also helped manufacturing firms to increase the probability of producing TI outcomes. Further, such support may have increased firms' investment on STI activities. The innovation effects on TFP, however, were statistically not clear or robust. Thus, whereas investment intensity did increase firms' TPF in low‐tech manufacturing firms, this is not the case for high‐tech firms. For this group of firms, relatively high capital–labor ratio and the availability of a high level of human capital seem to promote higher levels of TFP.     

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY? ICT,INTANGIBLE INVESTMENT,AND BRITAIN'S PRODUCTIVITY RECORD REVISITED

Despite the apparent importance of the "knowledge economy," U.K. macroeconomic performance appears unaffected: investment rates are flat, and productivity has slowed. We investigate whether measurement issues might account for this puzzle. The standard National Accounts treatment of most spending on "knowledge" or "intangible" assets is as intermediate consumption. Thus they do not count as either GDP or investment. We ask how treating such spending as investment affects some key macro variables, namely, market sector gross value added (MGVA), business investment, capital and labor shares, growth in labor and total factor productivity (TFP), and capital deepening. We find: (a) MGVA was understated by about 6 percent in 1970 and 13 percent in 2004; (b) instead of the business investment/MGVA ratio falling since 1970 it has been rising; (c) instead of the labor share being flat since 1970 it has been falling; (d) growth in labor productivity and capital deepening has been understated and growth in TFP overstated; and (e) TFP growth has not slowed since 1990 but has been accelerating.     

INTERNATIONAL TFP DYNAMICS AND HUMAN CAPITAL STOCKS: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS, 1960–2003

This paper adopts fixed‐effect panel methodologies to obtain TFP values for a sample of 76 countries from 1960 through 2003. Our results are robust to the use of different estimators (LSDV, Kiviet‐corrected LSDV, and GMM). They show that TFP dynamics are characterized by a process of conditional convergence where most countries do not catch up with the U.S., and where human capital plays an important role in technology adoption, as suggested by Nelson and Phelps in 1966. Such a role is robust to the inclusion of controls for the quality of institutions in a country. Further, our results imply a plausible link between stages of development and returns to different levels of education. Finally, we calculate the minimum human capital level necessary to generate catch‐up and find that virtually all countries are above that level—a result that again emphasizes the importance of human capital in technology diffusion.