加快城镇化进程与改善我国居民的收入不平等

本文在分解我国居民收入基尼系数的基础上发现城乡之间的收入不平等是全国居民收入不平等的决定因素,并且二者的变化趋势相同。因此改善全国居民收入分配的重点应是缩小城乡居民之间的收入不平等。进一步通过分析城乡之间的基尼系数,我们发现加快城镇化进程是改善城乡之间收入不平等的关键。我们还分别考察了城镇人口比重以及城乡之间收入之比的变化对全国以及城乡之间收入不平等的影响,结果表明加快城镇化进程有利于全国居民收入差距的缩小。基于上述结果,我们建议加快城镇化进程并且防止城镇内部基尼系数的扩大。     

政府转移支付对居民收入再分配效应的研究——基于相对贫困和地区差异的视角

依据中国家庭金融调查2015年、2017年、2019年三期数据,运用MT指数测算政府转移支付对全国及各地区居民收入再分配效应,并探讨纳入养老金后的政府转移支付对居民收入再分配效应的影响。结果表明：从全国层面看,政府转移支付降低了居民整体、城镇内部、农村内部收入不平等程度,三期分别平均下降2.58%、0.64%、1.15%,且有利于缩小城乡收入差距,但存在地区差异。从贫困异质性看,政府转移支付缩小了贫困家庭与非贫困家庭间的收入不平等,且政府转移支付对于贫困家庭收入的重要性超过非贫困家庭。纳入养老金后的政府转移支付虽然可以降低城镇内部与农村内部的收入不平等程度,但强度有所减弱。并且加入养老金后使城乡间收入差距扩大,因此,逐步缩小城乡间养老保险的待遇差距成为公平可持续的重要举措。基于此,应改善政府转移支付质量,加大对弱势群体的财政转移支付力度,重点提升多维贫困家庭的人力资本,探索建立全民统一的养老金制度。     

河南省金融发展与收入分配问题的实证研究

当前,河南省居民收入分配差距扩大的负面影响日益显现,改善居民收入分配状况已成为人们的广泛共识。我们从河南省金融发展与收入分配的总体状况入手,剖析了金融发展与城乡居民收入差距的影响因素,探讨了金融发展对改善收入分配不平等状况的效应,并在采用新的集总方法的基础上,从实证角度检验了河南省收入差距与经济增长之间存在"库兹涅茨效应",但河南收入差距与金融发展之间不存在倒U型曲线关系,并针对性地提出了具有较强操作性的政策建议。     

金融摩擦、收入风险与财富不平等

本文通过构建带有职业选择的两部门异质模型,探讨了个体面临的金融摩擦和收入风险对财富分配的作用机制。结果发现,经济中存在的金融摩擦会通过职业选择、自我保险和自融资来影响个人的财富积累,从而导致财富的集中和不平等。对模型模拟的结果表明:降低金融摩擦在总体上会降低财富不平等程度,但对不同财富阶层的影响不同,其在大幅减少前1%和前10%阶层财富份额的同时,虽然也会在一定程度上提升后50%阶层的财富份额,但提升幅度并不大,过高或过低的企业家收入风险,都会加大财富不平等程度,因而存在一个使经济中财富不平等程度最低的适度企业家收入风险水平;虽然金融摩擦和收入风险都会影响经济中的财富不平等,但收入风险本身对财富不平等程度的影响较小,其主要是通过金融摩擦放大了经济中财富不平等的程度。     

财政支出对我国城乡居民收入调节作用分析——基于收入弹性的视角

财政支出对居民收入分配的调节作用一直备受关注,已有不少学者进行了这方面的研究,主要得出财政支出缩小城乡居民收入差距、扩大城乡居民收入差距和作用不明显三种结论。为了厘清财政支出对我国城乡居民收入差距的调节作用,本文从财政支出与居民收入弹性的视角,通过对1990~2011年间我国财政支出及居民收入数据的回归分析,探索财政支出的变动对城乡居民收入变动的影响,以说明我国财政支出对城乡居民收入的调节作用并提出相应的对策建议。实证分析表明:城镇居民的财政支出收入弹性大于农村居民,财政支出对农村居民收入差距调整作用相对弱化,因此农村居民收入增长应以发展农村经济为支点,建立长效增长机制,同时,在推出财政支出政策时要综合考量其对收入分配格局的总体调节效应。     

工资增长、生育率差异与人力资本积累——基于内生生育和退休的动态一般均衡研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文结合我国收入不平等程度较高、计划生育政策放松和工资增速转变等特点,研究了工资增长对劳动力质量的影响。研究表明,生育行为受生育数量和老年闲暇的替代关系影响,低收入群体生育率较高,质量投入较低,退休也较晚,于是工资增长将通过生育率差异影响人力资本积累。通过对转移动态的定量评估,本文建议为缓解社保资金压力,政府应在短期选择延迟退休年龄和提高社会保障税率、在长期选择继续延迟退休年龄和降低社会保障税率的政策组合。     

收入不平等对经济增长的影响:机制、效应与应对——基于代际收入传递视角的经验研究北大核心CSSCI

收入不平等扩大和经济增长降速已经成为新时期中国面临的两个重要挑战。本文分析了收入不平等影响经济增长的机制、代际收入传递机制以及不平等的形成机制;在此基础上,利用CGSS数据和反事实法,以客观的代际收入传递机制为标准对收入不平等进行分解,并结合宏观省际面板数据,检验了不同来源的收入不平等的经济增长效应。研究发现:人力资本投资与社会资本造成的收入不平等对经济增长有阻碍作用,文化资本代际传递造成的收入不平等未表现出与经济增长的显著相关关系。本文的发现具有深刻的政策含义:为了最大限度地促进经济增长,需要多种政策协同作用,共同阻断收入不平等对经济增长的不利影响,同时降低收入不平等中的消极成分,即降低由人力资本投资和社会资本导致的收入不平等。     

我国居民收入差距调控的财税政策研究

近年来随着经济的发展，我国居民收入不断增长，但同时也面临着城乡居民收入差距大、财产性收入分配不公、收入群体结构不合理等问题，阻碍了我国实现共同富裕的步伐。当前我国居民收入分配领域存在问题的根源主要体现在分配机制不合理、税制结构不完善、财富积累调节机制不充分等方面。我国现行的财税政策在缓解和改善上述问题时面临的主要问题为社会保障制度和转移支付制度未惠及低收入群体，以及所得税和财产税尚未发挥对收入财富的调节作用等。因此，我国应加大对低收入群体的保障力度、规范居民的流量财富和缩小财富代际传递差距，不断缩小居民收入差距、优化收入分配结构，更好地实现共同富裕。     

数字经济对共享发展影响的微观经验证据:基于消费不平等的视角北大核心

本文基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,从消费不平等视角考察了数字经济对共享发展的影响机制与影响效应。实证检验结果表明:第一,数字经济能够显著降低居民消费不平等程度,经过内生性处理与相关稳健性检验后该结论依然成立;第二,数字经济通过缩小居民收入差距、降低家庭收入不确定性、缓解家庭流动性约束以及拓展居民社会网络等渠道,有效缓解居民消费不平等;第三,数字经济发展对居民消费不平等的缓解作用在数字经济发展程度较低、经济金融发展水平较低和社会保障程度较低的区域更为显著,且在金融素养较低和数字鸿沟较大的居民家庭中更为显著。本研究为推动我国数字经济发展以更好地促进共享发展提供了理论探讨和实证证据。     

促进河南城乡居民消费需求增长研究

城乡居民消费需求不足已成为河南省扩大内需、拉动经济增长的制约因素。河南城乡居民消费水平低于全国平均水平,城乡消费差距较大,主要原因在于居民收入水平低下且增长缓慢,对未来收入预期不确定,农村消费环境差等。为此,应采取扩大收入增量,提高城乡居民收入水平,完善社会保障体系等有效措施解决影响城乡居民消费需求的突出问题。     

Comprehending Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income (CI) contains a mixture of realised, unrealised, temporary, persistent and recyclable elements. How, when and where these elements should be reported in income and equity have been issues intensively debated (and changed) by international regulators over the last 20 years. This article traces the major threads of the debate and places changes within the context of empirical academic research. Our contention is that the recent IAS 1 (AASB 101) Presentation of Financial Statements, effective 1 July 2012, has benefited from past academic research that focused on the value relevance from disaggregation and presentation of unrealised other comprehensive income (OCI). We conclude by outlining the equity posting and recycling to profit or loss (P&L) issues and assert that, because of the inconsistent nature and complexity of OCI, it would benefit from further research.     

Taxation of Interest Income

Why is interest income taxed so much more heavily than other forms of capital income? This differential tax treatment has generated substantial tax arbitrage, resulting in lower tax revenue, efficiency costs, and apparently net gains to rich borrowers and net losses to poor lenders, together suggesting that this tax treatment makes no sense on welfare grounds. In examining this argument more formally, this paper reveals two omitted considerations that can help explain the existing tax treatment. First, the forecasted increase in the market interest rate results in a redistribution from rich borrowers to poor lenders. Yet this redistribution comes at no marginal efficiency cost, starting from a situation with no distortions to portfolio choice, so at the margin dominates further redistribution through the income tax. In addition, information about an individual's portfolio choice reveals information about her earnings ability, even controlling for observed labor income, if those who are more able tend to be less risk averse. By making use of this extra information about earnings ability, the tax system can be better tailored to redistribute from able to less able, for any given efficiency cost.     

Technology and Realtor® Income

The ever-expanding use of the Internet and various other information technologies may directly impact the income levels of the real estate brokerage community. With a database of more than 6,000 usable observations from the 1999 National Association of Realtors® member profile, we examine the impact of technology usage on the incomes of Realtors®. In a two-step procedure, we first develop factor loadings, using factor analysis, for multifaceted technology usage by Realtors®. Then we perform a regression analysis of Realtors® income incorporating a variety of independent variables representing licensee (brokers and salespersons) demographics and brokerage firm characteristics as well as the factor score for technology usage. Our results show that the use of the Internet and other information technologies is positively related to the earnings of Realtors®. In a second regression analysis, we use our technology factor score to determine which of a variety of individual Realtor® demographic and brokerage firm characteristics are more related to technology usage than other characteristics. We find that technology usage increases with schooling, number of firms for which the agent has worked, marriage, franchise affiliation, firm size, ownership interest, and hours worked. By contrast, technology usage falls with age, and usage is lower for females and nonwhites. The results of this paper expand our knowledge concerning familiarity with and use of real estate technology and related income.     

收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测

收益法是指将资产未来收益折成现值以估算资产价值的方法,这种方法被称为资产评估三种基本方法中先进的方法.但收益法中主要参数的预测难度大,受较强的主观判断和未来收益不可预见因素的影响,使方法本身思路方面的先进性大打折扣.本文试就收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测问题进行探讨.     

Neutral Taxation of Shareholder Income

A Norwegian tax reform committee recently proposed a personal tax on the realized income from shares after deduction for an imputed risk-free rate of return. This paper describes the design of the proposed shareholder income tax and shows that it will be neutral with respect to investment and financing decisions and decisions to realize capital gains, provided that full loss offsets are granted. Thus the tax allows some non-distortionary double taxation of corporate equity income. With an appropriate choice of tax rates, it also solves the problem of income shifting under a dual income tax. JEL Code: H24, H25     

Income dispersion and counter-cyclical markups

Recent advances in measuring cyclical changes in the income distribution raise new questions: How might these distributional changes affect the business cycle itself? We show how counter-cyclical income dispersion can generate counter-cyclical markups in the goods market, without any preference shocks or price-setting frictions. In recessions, idiosyncratic labor productivity shocks raise income dispersion, lower the price elasticity of demand, and increase imperfectly competitive firms’ optimal markups. The calibrated model explains not only many cyclical features of markups, but also cyclical and long-run patterns of standard business cycle aggregates.     

Labor Income and Predictable Stock Returns

We propose a novel economic mechanism that generates stock returnpredictability in both the time series and the cross-section.Investors’ income has two sources, wages and dividendsthat grow stochastically over time. As a consequence the fractionof total income produced by wages fluctuates depending on economicconditions. We show that the risk premium that investors requireto hold stocks varies with these fluctuations. A regressionof stock returns on lagged values of the labor income to consumptionratio produces statistically significant coefficients and largeadjusted R²s. Tests of the model’s cross-sectional predictionson the set of 25 Fama–French portfolios sorted on sizeand book-to-market are also met with considerable support.     

Income smoothing by Dutch hospitals

Research indicates that hospitals manage their earnings. However, these findings might be influenced by methodological issues. In this study, I exploit specific features of Dutch hospitals to study income smoothing while limiting these methodological issues. The managers of Dutch hospitals have the opportunity not only to postpone revenues to future periods but also to choose the moment of recognition of the postponed revenue. These postponements and recognitions can be positive as well as negative and have to be disclosed in hospitals’ financial statements. I show that the patterns found with respect to postponing revenue and the recognition of postponed revenue are consistent with the expectation that hospitals attempt to smooth their income.     

Income Shifting in the Spanish Dual Income Tax*

Based on a model of behavioural response to taxes, and using the Taxpayers Panel from the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales for the period 1999–2009, we analyse whether the dual nature of the Spanish personal income tax (PIT), reinforced by the 2007 reform, has influenced taxpayers’ behaviour, causing them to convert part of their ‘general income’ (from labour, real estate or economic activities) into ‘savings income’ (from movable capital or capital gains). We also extend the analysis of income shifting and study whether Spanish taxpayers also responded to the different tax treatments given to the two types of savings income (from movable capital and capital gains) until 2007, transforming savings income from one type to the other. The results of our study demonstrate three facts. First, Spanish taxpayers did respond to the different tax rates, shifting income from the general base to different forms of savings, especially capital gains. The highest‐income individuals and the self‐employed and business owners are the groups where this behaviour was most marked. Second, the self‐employed and business owners also turned income from movable assets into capital gains, guided by their different tax rates. And third, we find signs of ‘anticipation’ and ‘learning’ effects caused by the 2007 tax reform. We believe that the results obtained will enrich the growing literature on income shifting.