“免、抵、退”税政策对孝义经济税收的影响

２００２年，国务院决定对我国所有生产型企业的自产出口货物统一实行“免、抵、退”的出口退税政策。此项改革的出台，有利于增强出口企业的国际竞争力，同时意味着地方政府和出口企业将面临着不同的情况和选择。据调查：目前孝义市涉及到免、抵、退税政策的企业６４％以上集中在煤焦行业。免、抵、退税政策对企业来说最大的优点是无需预缴税款，缓解了流动资金的占用；同时因在出口环节免征增值税，降低出口成本，促进了地区外向型经济的发展。据纳税人反映，虽然“免、抵、退”税政策规定：当月出口的货物在当月做了免抵，但收集齐单证上报退税机关审批至少需要３个月左右的时间，即使有退库计划也不能及时办理调库手续。“免、抵、退”税政策操作起来较为繁琐，财务人员短时间内难以熟练掌握。当地政府认为即期税收的减少导致了财政收入以及财政支配力的减少，因此，地方政府有了一定的压力。面对新情况，地方政府、税务部门需要转变观念，从可持续发展、增强地方经济增长后劲的角度，提高对新税收政策的认识高度，提高工作效率，认真落实并利用好新的政策，扎实做好各项前期工作，真正体现“免、抵、退”税政策的内涵和作用。针对全面推行“免、抵、退”税政策对当地税收和经济带来的影响，孝义市国...     

浅谈生产企业出口货物"免、抵、退"税的核算

目前我国对出口产品的税收政策包括出口征税政策、出口免税政策和出口退税政策。出口征税政策是对出口产品照常征税，不实行退免税政策；出口免税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，但对出口产品在以前环节支付的进项税额不予退税，而是将其转入出口产品的成本；出口退税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，并对出口产品已支付的进项税额予以退税。本文主要对生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税的计算与账务处理问题做些探讨。所谓“免、抵、退”税办法，即对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税；出口产品耗用的原材料、零部件等已支付的…     

"免、抵、退"税简化办法

根　 据几年来的实践,笔者发 　 现,目前实行的“免、抵、退”税办法可操作性还比较差,存在着业务难度大、工作成本高、操作繁琐、管理复杂等问题,现行出口货物“免、抵、退”税办法急需进一步简化。现行“免、抵、退”税办法复杂,可操作性差 1 . 使进料加工复出口业务复杂 化 从“免、抵、退”税办法的具体计算公式可以看出,在进料加工复出口业务“免、抵、退”税具体计算时,需要计算免抵退税不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额与免抵退税额抵减额,在出现抵减额大于被抵减额时,未抵减完的税额需要结转下期继续抵减,处理起来特别复杂。2 . 对原材料、…     

我国“免、抵、调库”政策存在的问题及完善对策

一、我国“免、抵、调库”政策出台的背景 “免、抵、调库”政策的出台与出口退税“免、抵、退”税计算方法的实行密切相关。我国自1997年开始在生产企业推行“免、抵、退”税办法，替代了在此之前实行的“先征后退”法。“免、抵、退”方法中“免、抵”的增值税是原来“先征后退”方法下“先征”部分的增值税。按照财税体制，“先征”上来的增值税的25％归地方；地方还可根据这25％来计征城市维护建设税和教育费附加；另外，如果两税（增值税、消费税）超基数，地方政府可按1：0．3得到返还。由“先征后退”改为实行“免、抵、退”后，地方应得的25％的增值税收入没有了，地方附加相应减少，地方税收增量返还也随之减少。如果不做相应的补偿，势必影响地方推行“免、抵、退”方法的积极性。“免、抵、调库”政策就是在准确核算地方因实行“免、抵、退”税办法而减少的财政收入的基础上，由国库部门办理调增该部分收入。“免、抵、调库”的目的在于准确、规范地统计因免、抵减少的收入，避免该办法对地方税收收入的影响。     

增值税“免、抵、退”税计算及账务处理实例

我国对出口货物实行增值税“免、抵、退”税办法已两年多了，但有一些出口生产企业的财务人员对“免、抵、退”税计算及账务处理仍不能很好掌握，在一定程度上影响了“免、抵、退”工作的进行。笔者现将“免、抵、退”税计算方法简介如下并举例说明。     

完善现行出口货物“免、抵、退”税政策的对策建议

按照国务院、财政部、国家税务总局要求,自2002年1月1日起,在全国范围全面执行“免、抵、退”税政策。这一出口货物税收政策有其深厚的历史背景和现实意义,贯彻落实好“免、抵、退”税政策,将有利于提高出口退税管理的效率,有利于支持、促进国内生产企业在我国加入WTO后更加直接地参与国际市场竞争。对企业降低出口商品的出口成本,提高我国出口商品在国际市场的竞争力有着举足轻重的作用。与此同时,我们也应该看到,虽然新出台的“免、抵、退”税办法和以前的“先征后退”税办法相比     

生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税办法的便捷化探讨

生产企业出品货物的"免、抵、退"税一直是教学及相关考试中的重难点,为了便于理解与在实践中应用,需要对"免、抵、退"税办法进行理论通俗化讲解与计算便捷化处理,以利于教学中学生的学习及实践中财税工作者工作效率的提高。一、对原"免、抵、退"税方法的回顾解析按照财税[2002]7号文,实行免抵退税     

生产企业“免、抵、退”税筹划

我国对生产企业自营和委托出口的自产货物，除另有规定外，一律实行“免、抵、退”税办法。由于“免、抵、退”税办法涉及面广、计算较为复杂，也为税收筹划提供了广阔的空间。     

增值税“免、抵、退”计算公式的原理推导

实行免、抵、退税管理办法的"免"税,是指对生产企业出口的自产货物,在出口时免征本企业生产销售环节增值税;"抵"税,是指生产企业出口自产货物所耗用的原材料、零部件、燃料、动力等(以下简称"原材料")所含的应予退还的进项税额,抵顶内销货物的应纳税额;"退"税,是指生产企业出口的自产货物在当月内应抵顶的进项税额大于应纳税额时,对未抵顶完的部分予以退税。     

“免、抵、退”税政策研究

进出口“免、抵、退”税管理办法较以往的“免税”和“先征后退”政策，使得出口产品实现了“零税率”，有利于提升企业的国际竞争力，更有利于防范和打击出口骗税以及更加符合国际惯例，但仍存在许多不足和缺陷，该文就这一政策出台的必要性，存在的缺陷和问题进行了探讨，并提出了改革和完善的对策。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.