农业结构调整要做到七到位

(一)认识到位。农业和农村经济结构调整是一项复杂的系统工程,又是一项全新的工作,按原有的模式,跳不出小农经济的圈子。必须进一步解放思想、突破原有的思维定势,以“三个有利于”为标准,树立危机感和紧迫感,切实树立“六个意识”:危机意识、市场意识、竞争意识、科技意识、品牌意识、法制意识。     

农村社区建设的基本思路

从我国农村现实分析,目前农村社区建设主要存在着“四个不适应”：一是城乡二元结构体制与农村社区建设不相适应;二是村庄规划布局与农村社区建设不相适应;三是资金、土地、人才等要素与农村社区建设不相适应;四是农民主动参与意识与农村社区建设不相适应。推进农村社区建设必须落实科学发展观,统筹城乡经济社会发展,围绕新农村建设,着力发展农村各项社会经济事业。从农村实际来看,加快推进农村社区建设的基本思路应是：树立“三个理念”,坚持“四个原则”,突出“五个重点”,建立“六个机制”。     

何不实行“竞争上岗”

笔者所在市的人行在去年初就实行了“竞争上岗、双向选择”，实施一年来，效果很好。笔者认为，农村信用社实施“竞争上岗”的时机已经成熟。原因有三： 　　其一，民主管理观念已深入人心。农村信用社早已明确地把民主管理写进信用社章程，信用社职工的参政、议政意识已非常强烈，实行社员当家作主代替“一言堂”、“家长制”、“任命制”已成历史趋势，不可阻挡，实行“竞争上岗”恰恰可以及时引导这种趋势，深化民主管理体制改革。 　　其二，员工知识结构发生很大变化。近年来，各地信用社严把进人关，取消了接班、顶岗等旧方式，录用了…     

孝义市建设社会主义新农村的思考

建设新农村,要在“新”字上做文章,要培养新产业、建立新机制、制定新规划、凝聚新力量、建设新环境、培养新农民、树立新风尚;孝义市在实践中探索出“十个必须”的发展途径和“五条”办法。     

建立科学的财务目标管理制度

建立林业现代企业制度是一项复杂的系统工程，其中，建立科学的财务目标管理制度也是一项重要内容。1．转变观念，明确财务包理方向（1）在观念上，实现五个改变，五个树立。①改变财务人员传统的光算帐记帐职能，树立参与经营管理意识；②改变财务人员只事后算帐工作程序，树立事先预算、事中算帐、事后考核意识；③改变单纯财务监督制度，树立预算、核算、分析、考核全过程管理与服务意识；④改变单纯的下达计划，树立确定财务目标意识；⑤改变单纯检查评比，树立重点检查、重点扶持和重点保护意识。门）在管理方法上，编制计划与制定财务…     

山区发展商品经济需要实现五个转化

如何才能尽快使山区走上发展商品经济的路子呢?我认为,应当做好五个方面的转化: (一)从“安于现状、不思进取”的隋性意识向不畏困难、艰苦创业、敢于和善于在市场经济中大胆拼搏的竞争意识转化。实现这一转化,我认为应从五个方面着手:一是自上而下,提高广大干部群众对社会主义市场经济的认识,以增强市场观念和竞争观念;二是有计划地组织干部群众走出去,到改革开放搞得好的地方参观学习,开阔视野,解放思想;三是树立一批敢想敢冒、积极参与市场     

食品理化检验实验室化学因素风险识别与控制

食品理化检验实验室在逐步完善实验设施和提高检测能力的同时,需要牢牢树立“安全第一”的生产意识,学习实验室管理的最新国际规范和准则,积极进行化学因素安全风险识别和控制,采取多种措施从“人、机、料、法、环”5方面优化资源配置,尽可能消除化学因素安全隐患,提升食品理化检验实验室的安全水准。     

把干部上岗的决定权交给人民,才能权为民所用

记者就“竞争上岗”采访了蓝田县主要领导。 问:乔书记,从1998年的第一次到2003年的第二次,在蓝田县政府组成部门正职领导岗位上推行“竞争上岗”,其初衷和意义何在?     

竞争上岗不应“走过场”

竞争上岗本应是通过参与竞争，发现使用人才，促进人才合理流动，充分调动员工工作积极性，以确保信用社在激烈的市场竞争中能够立于不败之地的一种用人机制。 　　然而，有的农村信用社和联社在实行竞争上岗、优化组合的过程中，不是按照竞争者的素质、能力 竞争上岗，名曰“竞争”，实为“内定”，任人惟亲、凭关系上岗的“竞争”确还为数不少。 　　“竞争”两字的寓意应很透明，是以“公正、公开、公平”为前提的，而凭关系上岗的“竞争”，虽然上岗了，能否达到其应有的目的，自不待言。 　　这种“走过场”的竞争上岗确实不可取，它不…     

“蓝田考官”:已现曙光 待见朝阳

《中国改革》(农村版)2003年第8期“本刊专题”栏目,刊载了一组重要文章——“蓝田考官”,详细报道了中组部在全国7个党建联系点之一的陕西省蓝田县对县政府组成部门的19个正职领导岗位实行竞争上岗,并首次在考核考察中引进了评分量化的探索,尝试把决定干部上岗权还给群众的做法。这像一树报春的杜鹃,读来令人备受启发和鼓舞。 仁者见仁,智者见智。窃以为,文章给人最大的启示是:选拔任用领导干部必须建立竞争机制。     

Labour commodification,differentiation, and marginalization of the peasantry in Sella Limba (Sierra Leone) from 1950 to the present

In Sierra Leone, migration to diamond fields and the development of cash crops have contributed to the increasing integration of the peasantry in the national and global economy. Based on the study of a small northern chiefdom, Sella Limba, we describe how the labour commodification have led to the perversion of “traditional” social relations based on anteriority, and to the break‐up of large domestic groups into smaller, more precarious ones. At the same time, manual agriculture has been marginalized by massive cheap rice imports and remained very low in capital intensity. In this context, we show how low labour productivity curtails opportunities for long‐term social and economic differentiation. Farmers combine “modern” and “traditional” social relations, developing hybrid accumulation strategies that are sometimes close to mere survival.     

农村劳动力流转的效应分析

农业在耕地资源约束下,劳动生产率提高却造成了劳动力的大量富余。这些劳动力滞留于农村,不仅是一种资源浪费,不利于农业劳动生产率和农业劳动力报酬的提高,影响城乡经济系统的协调发展,而且会导致许多社会问题。通过分析农村劳动力向城市转移的积极和负面效应,指出农村劳动力向城市转移不仅是生产要素支配者追求报酬收益最大化的必然要求,同时也是实现城乡共同利益的需要。     

Continuity and Change: Some Observations on the Landscape of Agricultural Labourers in North Bihar, India

This paper is an attempt to catalogue and analyse the changes over two decades in the world of agricultural labourers in a backward region in India. It is primarily based on a series of field visits to two villages in Purnia district, located in the north-eastern part of Bihar. Changes in the living conditions of labourers are obviously connected to developments in the rural economy of the region and there are important linkages with developments elsewhere, including changes in the overall macro-economic policy regime. An attempt is made to trace these. Agricultural wage workers in the surveyed region are extremely poor by any reckoning, although a few of them have made some progress through state-sponsored programmes and migration. These developments have also contributed significantly to altering the relations of dominance and subordination, thus creating greater elbow-room for labourers. However, it is important not to overstate these small gains and there are serious doubts as to whether they can be sustained. It appears that some of the material correlates of labourers' well-being in the surveyed region are being affected adversely by the currently ascendant neoliberal policy regime. There are no signs of the emergence of mechanisms that might imply sustained significant improvements in the very fragile life and work conditions of these labourers.     

黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力转移问题的研究

黑龙江省是个农业大省，土地资源相对丰富，但农民生活并不十分富裕。近几年，农村剩余劳动力大量出现。如何有效解决他们的转移问题依旧未能很好地解决，在客观分析黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力现状特点的基础上．提出了实现黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力有效转移的出路，力求实现现阶段农村刺余劳动力平稳、有序、科学、健康地转移。     

Between construction yard and village: Changing relations of caste and hierarchy among Madhya Pradesh's labouring classes

In Madhya Pradesh, India, rural migrant workers hired in flyover's construction yards experiment a space of work where the social practices relating to caste separation and hierarchy are temporally softened. This paper shows that these processes of conviviality, through mixing between castes and trans-communitarian work identities based on the hierarchies of labour, are taking part in the lower classes' long quest for less oppressive labour relations. Starting from the construction yard, and then going to the village, this paper shows that the labour relations involved in the circulation of rural migrants to the flyover construction yards are contributing to shaping their complex and flexible social consciousness in a context of slow reconfiguration of oppressive rural labour relations.     

Who Needs Immigrant Farm Workers? A South African Case Study

Recent writing on migration in Southern Africa focuses on the experiences and desires of migrants themselves. While it gives valuable insights, this article argues that it can obscure the role of employers in structuring migration opportunities. In the case of female migrants from Lesotho working in South African agriculture, farmer demand has clearly impacted on the spectrum of both legal and illegal employment opportunities available, with the boundaries between legal and illegal migration appearing more porous than often imagined. The demand for foreign farm workers is complex and cannot be reduced to a simple story of wage differentials with local workers. The conclusion is that if we wish to understand migration flows, and particularly the use of immigrant labour in South African agriculture, we must retain an analytical role for employers' demand.     

Land outsourcing and labour contracting: Labour management in China's capitalist farms

Difficulty in labour supervision has been considered to be one of the obstacles to the development of capitalist agriculture. This paper presents two distinctive labour management strategies in China's large‐scale agriculture, which contribute to the development of agrarian capitalism in China. As shown in these cases, agribusiness companies engaged in grain crop production retreat from direct labour management by outsourcing crop cultivation, while acquiring profits from upstream and downstream activities. On the other hand, capitalist producers, who are involved in the labour‐intensive and capital‐intensive crop production, tend to mobilize local elites to manage the farmworkers. Although independent labour contracting services have not emerged, a specialized group of labour contractors is being cultivated. Rural social resources are utilized in labour recruitment and supervision to minimize the labour management costs in both strategies. However, the conflicts between capital and labour are covered or replaced instead of being settled.     

Labour,nature, and exploitation: Social metabolism and inequality in a farming community in mid‐19th century Catalonia

Exploiting the labour of other people has historically been one of the main strategies to tackle the biophysical tension that always exists between the satisfaction of human needs and the labour required to fulfil them. Based on the insights of ecological, feminist, and Marxist economics, we disentangle the exploitation of the labour of women and labouring poor through a novel methodology that integrates energy, material, time, and cash balances. We apply it to the sociometabolic flows between household units endowed with different land and livestock resources in a traditional rural community in Catalonia (Spain) in the mid‐19th century. The results show that land and livestock hoarding led to a process of accumulation through dispossession that increased the exploitative relationships through the labour market, which in turn relied on the patriarchal division of labour between men and women at home. Our estimates of energy labour surplus reveal that male wages represented 88% of the equivalent consumption basket that would have been obtained by carrying out the same amount of labour on land of one's own. However, in the case of female wages, the percentage was 54%. This shows that wage labour incorporated a significant amount of unpaid domestic family labour.     

In Search of Pathways out of Poverty: Mapping the Role of International Labour Migration,Agriculture and Rural Labour

The issue of rural poverty continues to shape critical academic and policy discourses in the global South. In such discourses, some scholars and policy‐makers highlight non‐agrarian pathways leading to prosperity, while others continue to emphasize the significance of land and farming for poverty reduction. However, such analyses tend not only to obscure strong linkages between agriculture, migration and rural labour, but also stay silent on how rural people interpret changes or continuities in their livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on the case of rural Nepal to unfold how some rural people, but not others, improve their livelihoods through international labour migration, farming and rural labour. This paper reveals that many poor people have experienced improved livelihoods pursuing a diverse portfolio of agricultural and non‐agricultural activities including labour migration. However, the dispossession of poor people from land and their adverse incorporation into the local and international labour markets continue to perpetuate chronic poverty.     

Factors influencing the decision to hire contract labour by Indian manufacturing firms

ABSTRACT

Over a third of workers employed in the Indian formal manufacturing sector are ‘contract’ workers – hired through the services of labour contractors, facing lower wages and no job security in relation to regular workers. We investigate the role of a variety of factors that influence the decision of employers to hire in contract workers, using information from a specially commissioned survey of manufacturing firms. While there are immediate cost advantages that tilt firms towards hiring in contract labour, a counterforce has employers favouring regular workers in firms that have a large proportion of their workforce concentrating on production activity – probably instances where long-term human capital investment by regular workers is important for the firm.

Abbreviation: CLA: Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 ASI: Annual Survey of Industries NIC: National Industrial Classification MSME: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises SEZ: Special Economic Zone ICRIER: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations