Generic finiteness of equilibrium payoffs for bimatrix games

It is shown that in any affine space of payoff matrices the equilibrium payoffs of bimatrix games are generically finite.     

A market game with symmetric limit orders

We extend the market game with symmetric limit orders studied in Weyers (2003, 2004) to a many-good setup. Our limit orders are symmetric in terms of payment and determine a unique consistent price system for every strategy profile. The limit orders studied in the previous literature—see Dubey (1982), Simon (1984) and Mertens (2003)—share none of these properties. It is shown that three mild market-thickness conditions imply that the set of symmetric Nash equilibrium outcomes coincides with the set of price-taking equilibrium outcomes. First, the Dubey and Shubik (1978) refinement is used to eliminate no-trade as an equilibrium. Second, any price-taking equilibrium has trade in each market. Third, there are at least two agents of each type, where a type is determined by preferences and endowments. The last two conditions enable applying the Bertrand argument. This paper thus provides new insights to Bertrand’s (1883) classic critique of Cournot and the associated problem of capacity constraints raised by Edgeworth (1897).     

从博弈论的角度分析我国税务筹划的现状

税务筹划作为一种节税行为应当符合政府的立法意图。但在现实条件下,由于政府征税与纳税人追求最大利益是相违背的,因此形成了一种博弈关系。纳税人和税务机关之间的博弈存在着混合战略纳什均衡,并且我国目前税务筹划在实践中应用滞后的现状与纳税人和税务机关之间的博弈关系存在着紧密联系。     

非政府投资建设项目参与人行为的博弈分析

在非政府投资建设项目中,涉及四方参与人——业主、承包商、监理方和政府,他们的行为必然对工程质量产生影响。本文以寻租理论和委托代理理论为基础,建立了四方博弈模型,并求解了博弈过程的混合策略纳什均衡。通过对博弈结果的分析,提出在项目质量管理过程中应当建立的制度安排。     

Strong Nash equilibrium in games with common and complementary local utilities

A rather general class of strategic games is described where the coalitional improvements are acyclic and hence strong Nash equilibria exist: The players derive their utilities from the use of certain facilities; all players using a facility extract the same amount of local utility therefrom, which amount depends both on the set of users and on their actions, and is decreasing in the set of users; the ultimate utility of each player is the minimum of the local utilities at all relevant facilities. Two important subclasses are “games with structured utilities,” basic properties of which were discovered in 1970s and 1980s, and “bottleneck congestion games,” which attracted researchers’ attention quite recently. The former games are representative in the sense that every game from the whole class is isomorphic to one of them. The necessity of the minimum aggregation for the existence of strong Nash equilibria, actually, just Pareto optimal Nash equilibria, in all games of this type is established.     

Convergence to competitive equilibria and elimination of no-trade (in a strategic market game with limit prices)

The strategic market games literature contains many results that predict Walrasian equilibria in the competitive limit. However, they usually come at the expense of ad hoc assumptions that rule out “pathological” no trade equilibria. This paper studies a strategic market game with limit prices. The set of Nash equilibrium allocations of this game converges to the set containing all competitive equilibria and no-trade, when players are replicated. Moreover, two rounds of iterated deletion of weakly dominated strategies eliminate the no-trade equilibria. Hence, replication paired with two rounds of iterated dominance gives a clean prediction of competitive equilibrium.     

On the robustness of the competitive equilibrium: Utility-improvements and equilibrium points

We show that the set of competitive equilibrium points of a pure exchange economy are the equilibrium points of a broader class of better-response demands than the usual utility-maximizing demand functions. The better-response demands are derived from assigning weights to all commodity bundles with higher utility than the current commodity bundle, with the greatest weights being placed on the commodity bundles with the highest utility gain. The usual utility-maximizing demand functions are then those in which the weight on the utility-maximizing bundle is one. We also show that these better-response demands belong to a large class of response maps that are generated by monotonic transformations of the utility functions and/or monotonic transformations of the weights assigned to the commodity bundles.     

竞选村委会主任的博弈分析

利用博弈论,建立竞选村委会主任的博弈模型,分析指出:在完全信息正当拉票情况下,选出来的村委会主任素质比较好;在不完全信息的情况下,不正当和隐蔽拉票行为所选出来的村委会主任可能不能胜任。但是,一旦隐蔽的不正当拉票行为消失,竞选活动就趋于正当拉票的混合战略纳什均衡。所以,为了维护竞选活动的公开、公平和公正性,我国必须制定相关法律去界定和制止隐蔽的不正当拉票行为。     

集中战略的博弈分析

企业的经营战略可分为成本领先战略、差异化战略以及集中战略。集中战略最突出的特点是企业专门服务于总体市场的一部分,对某一类型的顾客或某一地区性市场作密集性经营。本文拟运用博弈论的相关模型对集中战略进行分析。     

股市中信息披露问题的博弈分析

我国证券市场普遍存在虚假信息披露问题。本文首先对造假问题做了理论上的分析,发现在目前的体制下造假问题几乎不可能根除 ,随后提出了一些解决问题的办法 ,力求让中介机构独立和负责任地发挥其对上市公司的审计监督作用。     

助人为乐的“道德困境”研究

本文运用博弈模型揭示了"助人为乐"现象逐步沦失的经济学原理,结论显示:在一定的假设前提下,出现了"道德困境"。即:不提供帮助和实施报复是经济人的最优选择。为了改变这一低效率的均衡,本文引入政府行为变量后再次博弈,最终得出解决"道德困境"的途径。     

供应链联盟的博弈分析及模型构建研究

伴随着供应链联盟的兴起,供应链之间的竞争代替企业间的竞争作为一种新观念正在逐渐深化。本文通过对供应链联盟的成因分析以及博弈现象分析的论述,并应用纳什均衡原理,最终提出只有当所有的成员组成联合的同盟时才能获得最高的总体效益这一论点,这是合作与竞争之间的一种能够真正实现共赢的高端结合。     

Two definitions of correlated equilibrium

Correlated equilibrium constitutes one of the basic solution concepts for static games with complete information. Actually two variants of correlated equilibrium are in circulation and have been used interchangeably in the literature. Besides the original notion due to Aumann (1974), there exists a simplified definition typically called canonical correlated equilibrium or correlated equilibrium distribution. It is known that the original and the canonical version of correlated equilibrium are equivalent from an ex-ante perspective. However, we show that they are actually distinct – both doxastically as well as behaviourally – from an interim perspective. An elucidation of this difference emerges in the reasoning realm: while Aumann’s correlated equilibrium can be epistemically characterized by common belief in rationality and a common prior, canonical correlated equilibrium additionally requires the condition of one-theory-per-choice. Consequently, the application of correlated equilibrium requires a careful choice of the appropriate variant.     

博弈论视角下的产品质量安全问题研究

近年来,我国频繁爆发产品质量安全事件,从"瘦肉精"、"染色馒头"到"一滴香"、"三聚氰胺"等,产品质量安全问题日益成为影响社会和谐与稳定的重要因素之一,阻碍和制约了我国经济的又好又快发展。本文首先梳理了产品质量安全相关的研究成果,随后从博弈论的角度出发,建立企业和消费者之间的完全信息动态博弈模型,分析企业和消费者为实现各自利益最大化而采取的策略,得出企业和消费者的纳什均衡结果.进而达到探寻产品质量安全产生根源,提出相应对策建议的目的。     

Stationary Markovian equilibrium in altruistic stochastic OLG models with limited commitment

We introduce a new class of infinite horizon altruistic stochastic OLG models with capital and labor, but without commitment between the generations. Under mild regularity conditions, for economies with either bounded or unbounded state spaces, continuous monotone Markov perfect Nash equilibrium (henceforth MPNE) are shown to exist, and form an antichain. Further, for each such MPNE, we can also construct a corresponding stationary Markovian equilibrium invariant distribution. We then show for many versions of our economies found in applied work in macroeconomics, unique MPNE exist relative to the space of bounded measurable functions. We also relate all of our results to those obtained by promised utility/continuation methods based upon the work of Abreu et al. (1990). As our results are constructive, we can provide characterizations of numerical methods for approximating MPNE, and we construct error bounds. Finally, we provide a series of examples to show the potential applications and limitations of our results.     

会计信息失真中的纳什均衡

文章针对会计造假和监督行为建立博弈模型，运用纳什均衡理论，分析当前会计信息失真的重要原因，同时提出了防范和治理措施。     

Delay,multiplicity, and non-existence of equilibrium in unanimity bargaining games

We consider a class of perfect information bargaining games with unanimity acceptance rule. The proposer and the order of responding players are determined by the state that evolves stochastically over time. The probability distribution of the state in the next period is determined jointly by the current state and the identity of the player who rejected the current proposal. This protocol encompasses a vast number of special cases studied in the literature. We show that subgame perfect equilibria in pure stationary strategies need not exist. When such equilibria do exist, they may exhibit delay. Limit equilibria as the players become infinitely patient need not be unique.     

Buying cooperation in an asymmetric environmental differential game

We consider a two-player asymmetric differential game of pollution control. One player is non-vulnerable to pollution, or unwilling to consider damages when choosing her production policy in a non-cooperative game. We characterize the feedback-Nash equilibrium and the cooperative solution. We establish conditions under which the vulnerable player can buy the cooperation of the non-vulnerable player to control her emissions. We further use the Nash bargaining solution to allocate the total cooperative dividend between the two players and propose a time-consistent decomposition overtime of the total payoff.