政府间转移支付体系走向:一个文献综述

政府间转移支付体系,作为政府调节各级财政关系的重要制度安排,对于弥补纵向财力分配,矫正外部性,平衡区域经济社会发展,实现基本公共服务均等化等方面具有重要作用。围绕政府间转移支付体系的制度本身及其在实现公共服务均等化、实现财力平衡以及地区经济增长等领域的绩效,着重从政策层面和学术研讨层面梳理现有文献,并对现阶段研究存在问题和进一步改善的空间进行思考。     

我国政府间事权财权划分的方式演进、面临问题及对策建议

分税制财政分权体制下我国政府间事权财权划分存在事权界定模糊、中央与地方的事权和财力不对称、事权财权划分中缺乏规范的法律界定的问题。构建和完善我国政府间事权财权划分的法治化体系应从修正《中华人民共和国宪法》、制定《中央与地方关系法》、制定中央和地方政府财政收入权划分的法律以及完善《预算法》等方面入手。     

Twentieth Century Shocks, Trends and Cycles in Industrialized Nations

Using annual data on real Gross Domestic Product per capita of seventeen industrialized nations in the twentieth century the empirical relevance of shocks, trends and cycles is investigated. A class of neural network models is specified as an extension of the class of vector autoregressive models in order to capture complex data patterns for different countries and subperiods. Empirical evidence indicates nonlinear positive trends in the levels of real GDP per capita, time varying growth rates, switching behavior of individual countries with respect to their position in the distribution of real GDP per capita levels over time. Such evidence presents challenges for economic modelling, forecasting and policy analysis for the long run.     

Business Cycle Fluctuations,Large Macroeconomic Shocks,and Development Aid

We examine the cyclical properties of development aid using bilateral data for 22 donors and 113 recipients during 1970–2005. We find that bilateral aid flows are on average procyclical with respect to the business cycle in both donor and recipient countries. While aid outlays contract sharply during severe downturns in donor countries, they rise steeply when aid-receiving countries experience large adverse shocks. Our findings suggest that development aid may play an important cushioning role in developing countries, but only during times of severe macroeconomic stress. Our results are robust to alternate definitions of aid flows, specifications, and estimation techniques.     

Unemployment Dynamics, and Propagation of Aggregate and Reallocation Shocks in the Netherlands

This paper models the propagation at the macro level of four types of shocks using the SVAR approach. Time series data for the Netherlands on job creation, job destruction, the number of vacancies and labour supply are used to identify aggregate demand and supply shocks, and reallocation demand and supply shocks as different sources of unemployment dynamics. Each of these four types of shocks appears to have at least some influence on unemployment both in the short and long run. The long run influence of the aggregate labour supply shock is estimated to be very limited. It indicates that additional labour supply is almost fully absorbed by labour demand in the long run.     

Indonesian Local Government Spending,Taxing and Saving: An Explanation of Pre‐ and Post‐decentralization Fiscal Outcomes*

As a result of Indonesia's decentralization program, local governments have gained significantly more responsibility for service delivery, considerably larger fiscal resources, and much greater authority over the use of those resources than before. The present paper develops a simple budget model to describe and explain the substantial differences in pre‐ and post‐decentralization local government fiscal behavior related to spending, taxing and saving. During the post‐decentralization period special attention is paid to the fiscal behavior of natural resource rich regions. Among other things, the evidence suggests that: post‐decentralization local government spending is partly responsive to increasing needs and partly the subject of elite capture; local government taxation has become more aggressive under decentralization and appears to be mostly driven by local bureaucratic expectations related to routine overhead budgets; and the increased savings of local governments during the post‐decentralization period is determined to a large degree by delayed central government transfer payments.     

农村土地流转存在的问题及对策分析

文章认为,农村土地流转过程中存在干部不尊重农民意愿、过多干预损害农民利益、土地流转程序简便但流转手续不规范等问题。推进和加强我国农村土地流转必须：明确土地权利,形成多样化的土地流转形式;大力培育发展农村土地流转的中介组织机构;明确乡镇政府职能,搞好服务;完善保障,弱化农地的社会保障功能;多渠道、多途径输转农村劳动力,减轻土地压力。     

中国的财政转移支付制度：目标、效果及遗留问题

中国的地区差距由来已久,这种差距不仅仅表现在经济发展水平上,还体现在地方政府提供的公共服务上,早期的研究呼吁利用转移支付的形式来促成区域之间的平衡发展,但是最近的研究发现转移支付在缓解地区经济差距和促进地方经济增长方面的表现不如人意,虽然转移支付部分激励了地方政府提高公共品的水平,但是没有证据显示地区之间的财力差距因此而缩小,并且转移支付诱导了地方政府盲目扩大自身的人员规模,降低了地方的财税努力。因而未来的改革既要涉及到转移支付体制本身,也要涉及到政府间关系的调整和劳动力市场的建设,要优先通过市场机制而不是行政干预的方式促成区域平衡发展．以最大限度降低增长的代价。     

论地方政府制度创新与区域产业转移

由于东部沿海发达地区产业升级以及失去竞争优势产业自身寻求发展空间的需要,产业向欠发达地区转移成为趋势。在转型经济体的中国,区域产业转移中的地方政府干预难以避免,干预下的负面效应使产业转移缺乏效率,为此,必须深入分析区域产业转移中地方政府的作用机理,认识政府制度创新对干预所致的负面效应的矫正,从观念上、体制上、政策上作出有利于区域产业转移的创新。     

财政分权、地方政府行为与劳动者报酬份额

中国经济高速增长伴随劳动份额快速下降,为什么会产生这种现象引起广泛的关注,文章从财政分权的视角进行了研究。在财政分权的激励和约束之下,地方政府为实现经济增长和晋升的目标,弱化对劳动者的保护,以便为“招商引资”创造良好“投资环境”。文章通过建立2000—2009年全国范围内和区域范围内的省级面板数据模型,验证了财政分权对劳动者收入份额的影响以及存在的区域差异,并提出改进目前以GDP作为主要指标的政绩考核机制、从制度上提高劳动收入占比的政策建议。     

Technology Transfer,Income Distribution and the Process of Economic Development

This paper studies the role of income distribution and technology transfer in the process of economic development. A novel aspect of the model is that the composition of human capital as well as the level affect economic growth. Utilizing an overlapping-generations model in which income distribution changes endogenously, we present an economic explanation for why some countries could not start modern economic growth; why some countries took off but have apparently stopped growing after some time; and why some countries have successfully developed and continue to grow.     

External Shocks and High Volatility in Consumption in Low‐Income Countries

According to the well‐known concept of consumption smoothing, the volatility of consumption is low even when income is volatile; this is confirmed by data from G7 countries. Surprisingly, however, consumption volatility in many low‐income countries is nontrivially higher than income volatility. Here I examine what causes high consumption volatility in low‐income countries. In general, volatile consumption makes consumers worse off. Therefore, understanding the causes of high consumption volatility can contribute to improving welfare in low‐income countries by suggesting measures to assist in the stabilization of consumption. Unlike much previous research, I focus on international factors when explaining high consumption volatility. The results suggest that external shocks, which are far more volatile in low‐income countries than in industrialized countries, strongly swing consumption. By capturing these mechanisms, the model I use successfully accounts for consumption volatility's differences between the sample low‐income country and sample industrialized country.     

分税制、转移支付与地方政府财政努力

本文实证检验了分税制和转移支付对地方政府财政努力的影响,通过引入空间效应,将总效应分解为直接效应和间接效应。我们发现,地方财政收入分成比例的提高会提高地方政府财政努力程度,财政转移支付依赖越高则地方政府财政努力程度越低,并且地方政府会依据过去的分成比例和财政转移支付来决定其财政努力水平。利用空间计量模型,我们还发现,地方政府之间存在横向模仿行为,横向政府间财政策略存在空间外溢性。     

杭州市农村土地流转的发展、问题及对策建议

文章通过调查分析浙江省杭州市农村土地流转的发展、主要特点、存在问题等,提出了因地制宜加快创新土地流转模式,实现农地规模经营,推动杭州市农业集约持续发展的一些对策建议。