基于公平视角的中国房产税免征额研究

本文从公平性的视角对中国房产税的免征额进行实证模拟研究,旨在通过数理模型揭示免征额与公平的关系,丰富与发展房产税税制理论和公平理论,并为中国的房地产税扩围提供免征额方面的政策制定参考。基于基尼系数构建一个简化的理论模型得知,当税率大于某个值时,必存在一个可以使得税后基尼系数最小的免征额,本文将这个免征额定义为最优免征额。根据中国家庭金融调查2011年的数据测算得出,在超过1%的税率下,设置每户40平方米左右的免征额可以使得税后收入的基尼系数最小,从而实现公平效应的最大化;而如果税率超过1%,户均免征面积不能超过150平方米,否则房产税将会扩大收入差距。     

Solving the incomplete markets model with aggregate uncertainty by backward induction

This paper describes a method to solve models with a continuum of agents, incomplete markets and aggregate uncertainty. I use backward induction on a finite grid of points in the aggregate state space. The aggregate state includes a small number of statistics (moments) of the cross-sectional distribution of capital. For any given set of moments, agents use a specific cross-sectional distribution, called “proxy distribution”, to compute the equilibrium. Information from the steady state distribution as well as from simulations can be used to chose a suitable proxy distribution.     

MONETARY POLICY IN A NON‐REPRESENTATIVE AGENT ECONOMY: A SURVEY

It is well known that central bank policies affect not only macroeconomic aggregates, but also their distribution across economic agents. Similarly, a number of papers demonstrated that heterogeneity of agents may matter for the transmission of monetary policy to macro variables. Despite this, the mainstream monetary economics literature has so far been dominated by dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models with representative agents. This paper aims to tilt this imbalance towards heterogeneous agents setups by surveying the main positive and normative findings of this line of the literature, and suggesting areas in which these models could be implemented. In particular, we review studies that analyse the heterogeneity of (i) households’ income, (ii) households’ preferences, (iii) consumers’ age, (iv) expectations and (v) firms’ productivity and financial position. We highlight the results on issues that, by construction, cannot be investigated in a representative agent framework and discuss important papers modifying the findings from the representative agent literature.     

Introduction to financial frictions and debt constraints

This is an introduction to the special section on financial frictions and debt constraints.     

A weak α-core existence theorem of games with nonordered preferences and a continuum of agents

Inspired by Kajii (1992) and Askoura (2011, 2017), we introduce the notion of the weak -core for games with nonordered preferences and a continuum of agents. First, we extend the work of Kajii (1992) to games with spaces of strategies defined on Hausdorff topological vector spaces. Furthermore, we prove the nonemptiness of the weak -core. Finally, we establish the relations between normal-form games, games with nonordered preferences and games with pseudo-utilities.     

我国城镇居民收入分配差距探源

分析了当前城镇居民个人收入分配的现状 ,探讨了收入分配差距拉大的原因 ,指出了城镇居民收入分配中存在的问题 ,给出了解决对策     

On a distribution of Jasso and Kotz

Explicit expressions are derived for the moments and the Gini coefficient of the ring-exponential distribution introduced by Jasso and Kotz ( Statistica Neerlandica , 61 , 2007, 305–328).     

Multi-country real business cycle models: Accuracy tests and test bench

This paper describes the methodology used to compare the results of different solution algorithms for a multi-country real business cycle model. It covers in detail the structure of the model, the choice of values for the parameters, the accuracy tests used in the comparison, and the computer program specifically developed for performing the tests.     

我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应分析

从理论和经验上研究了我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应。根据我国经济社会特征,通货膨胀具有调节城乡之间、不同体制企业之间和不同地区之间的收入差距的效应。对代表收入差距的基尼系数去趋势后的实证分析表明,通货膨胀可部分解释基尼系数的波动成分,其趋势成分由经济增长等因素决定。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国的收入分配发展趋势是否为倒U形

阐述了国内外学者对库兹涅茨"倒U假说"所持的观点和认识。用我国的实际数据对库兹涅茨"倒U假说"进行了检验,认为我国的收入分配基本上不符合倒U形状,不能靠经济增长来解决收入差距的拉大问题;收入现状的改善需要政府政策的支持。     

Solving the incomplete market model with aggregate uncertainty using a perturbation method

We use a perturbation method to solve the incomplete markets model with aggregate uncertainty described in den Haan et al. [Computational suite of models with heterogeneous agents: incomplete markets and model uncertainty. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, this issue]. To apply that method, we use a “barrier method” to replace the original problem with occasionally binding inequality constraints by one with only equality constraints. We replace the structure with a continuum of agents by a setting in which a single infinitesimal agent faces prices generated by a representative-agent economy. We also solve a model variant with a large (but finite) number of agents. Our perturbation-based method is much simpler and faster than other methods.     

修正加权变异系数:度量收入分配平等程度的有用指标

本文提出了用于衡量收入分配平等程度的修正加权变异系数计算公式，并且从数学上证明了修正加权变异系数具有类似于基尼系数那样的良好度量性质。与基尼系数相比，修正加权变异系数具有计算简单、容易理解的特点。此外，本文还讨论了修正加权变异系数计算公式中权系数的确定问题。     

从税收的角度看收入分配差距问题

本文先介绍了收入分配差距的现状,然后从税收的视角分析了我国收入分配差距越拉越大的原因,然后提出了缩小贫富差距的税收政策,主要介绍了个人所得税以及物业税和社会保障税的改革前景,以及对待富人的一些税收建议,希望达到"劫富济贫"。我们要警惕"中等收入陷阱",重视公平与效率,缩小贫富差距。     

一种离散型收入分布基尼系数精确计算方法

基尼系数问世八十多年的时间里,在度量经济不平等的基尼系数指标时,最常见的是离散型收入分布,本文设计了一种离散型收入分布基尼系数计算方法,用它可以精确地求解基尼系数。     

Asset prices in an exchange economy when agents have heterogeneous homothetic recursive preferences and no risk free bond is available

We study a pure exchange economy under incomplete markets where households have heterogeneous homothetic recursive preferences and lending and borrowing are precluded. We fully characterize the properties of the efficient allocations and the equilibrium asset price. The ownership distribution dynamics reveal the emergence of a dominant agent, who after some finite time, remains the only investor that increases asset holdings until asymptotically owning the entire wealth. Investors can be ranked according to a unique parameter that aggregates agents’ preference characteristics and we show how time discount rate, attitude towards risk and intertemporal substitution contribute to capital accumulation.