AIDS Policy and Pharmaceutical Patents: Brazil's Strategy to Safeguard Public Health

Developing nations are challenged to strike a balance between their patent obligations as members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and their drug pricing strategies. The Brazilian approach to pharmaceutical price negotiations has been strikingly effective. Describing the context of the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, their public health system and the Brazilian AIDS policy, this paper examines the Brazilian strategy vis‐à‐vis the international pharmaceutical manufacturers to explore why their tactics were successful and the potential for wider application by other developing countries.     

发展我国汽车产业的战略与政策思路

本文认为,我国汽车产业经过五十多年的艰苦创业,已经有了长足的进步与发展,具备了一定的发展规模,在国民经济中的地位和作用不断上升,但是汽车产业品种较少,尚不能满足国民经济发展的需要,汽车产业特别是轿车自主开发能力差,对跨国公司的依赖性较大,还不具备国际竞争力。文章提出,从我国经济社会发展的历史阶段看,我国的汽车产业面临着巨大的发展机遇,也面临不少严峻的问题,尤其是跨国汽车公司在华发展战略正逐步发生深刻变化,集团化趋势日益显现,对中资企业的集团化战略构成严重挑战,所以我国汽车产业发展战略必须相应调整,一要坚持合资合作不放松,二要坚持自主发展不动摇。文章还提出了我国汽车产业发展政策遵循的主要原则和汽车产业发展政策中的主要应对措施。     

The Effects of UK Pharmaceutical Policy on Government Drug Expenditure: Cost Control and Incentives for R&D

This paper investigates the impact of UK pharmaceutical policy on the level of NHS pharmaceutical expenditure. UK pharmaceutical policy is one which has managed to control costs, but at the same time, has not sacrificed the rewards for conducting long-term R&D in the UK. The analysis provides evidence that the government policies which encourage long-term R&D and the development of new drugs actually lead to lower overall pharmaceutical expenditure by the NHS. The reason for this is attributed to the savings associated with the replacement of new drugs for other less effective drugs. Additional results show that the UK receives positive spillovers from the R&D conducted by US firms and this R&D has a cost reducing impact on NHS pharmaceutical expenditure.     

消费行为与企业战略的融合——不同零售业态的价格定位及其市场细分战略

现代零售业态发展趋于多元化,零售企业针对不同消费者的价格敏感程度来定位零售商品的价格,从而选择不同的销售渠道即经营业态,通过不同产品线的组合来满足不同层次消费者的需求。以此来体现企业的市场细分战略,形成顾客忠诚,实现其经济效益的最大化。     

R&D Policy Involving Consumer-Friendly Strategy: Cooperative and Non-Cooperative R&D

In a highly globalized economy, foreign exporting firms have initiatives to be consumer friendly for many reasons. The aim of the present paper is to endogenize consumer-friendly actions by the exporting firms, and explore how government’s industrial policy and firm’s R&D investment are affected by the strategy of foreign exporting firms under cooperative and non-cooperative R&D commitments in an international rivalry market. It finds that consumer-friendly action is a dominant strategy equilibrium, and no matter whether under cooperative or non-cooperative R&D, a consumer-friendly firm tends to invest less than does the purely profit-maximizing firm on R&D under symmetrical decisions. In the case of firms cooperating in R&D and involving consumer-friendliness in action, their governments need not intervene. On the other hand, governments always subsidize non-cooperative R&D activities, or cooperative but unfriendly firms. Furthermore, the consumer-friendly action will result in more (less) R&D subsidies by the exporting government when both firms non-cooperate (cooperate) in R&D. Finally, it is robust to indicate that the government of an importing country prefers friendly foreign firms in any circumstances. Above all, the equilibrium outcomes explain the crucial role of consumer-friendly strategy for industrial policies and R&D activities.     

Integrating Ethics and Strategy: A Pragmatic Approach

An organizing framework is set out for the diverse literature on business ethics in relation to strategic management. It consists of sets of bi-polar components, spanning themes and topical themes, with a derived typology of contributions. Then, in the spirit of classical pragmatism, the organizing framework is re-cast as an integrative conceptual model of the strategy–ethics relationship. The approach recognizes that both pragmatism and dialectics can underpin progress towards integration, encompassing both normative and empirical aspects.     

R&D Costs,Innovative Output and Firm Size in the Pharmaceutical Industry

This study examines the relationships between firm size, R&D costs and output in the pharmaceutical industry. Project–level data from a survey of 12 US–owned pharmaceutical firms on drug development costs, development phase lengths and failure rates are used to determine estimates of the R&D cost of new drug development by firm size. Firms in the sample are grouped into three size categories, according to their pharmaceutical sales at the beginning of the study period. The R&D cost per new drug approved in the US is shown to decrease with firm size, while sales per new drug approved are shown to increase markedly with firm size. Sales distributions are highly skewed and suggest that firms need to search for blockbuster drugs with above–average returns. The results are consistent with substantial economies of scale in pharmaceutical R&D, particularly at the discovery and preclinical development phases.     

Ethics in Finance and Public Policy: The Ibercorp Case

Our research has found that companies which have diverged from traditional management in order to adopt strategies which include ethics, cooperation and a joint vision of management obtain a greater added value. The new challenges of competitiveness require a position of active cooperation between firms and their suppliers, which should be considered as collaborators rather than adversaries. An active cooperation management may well allow the company to improve the quality of its products and its image, speed up delivery to its clients and make its production and trading more agile, thus enhancing the perception the client has of the product. An improved ethical quality in our dealings, generating trust, improving communication and establishing long-term relationships with joint added value, results in higher competitiveness and greater creation of wealth.     

Unilateral Climate Policy and Competitiveness: Economic Implications of Differential Emission Pricing

Unilateral climate policy raises concerns about international competitiveness and emission leakage that result in preferential regulatory treatment of domestic energy‐intensive and trade‐exposed (EITE) industries. Our applied analysis of unilateral EU abatement illustrates the potential pitfalls of climate policy design which narrowly focuses on competitiveness concerns about EITE industries. The sector‐specific gains of differential emission pricing in favour of these branches must be traded off with the additional burden imposed on other industries. From the perspective of the unilaterally abating region preferential EITE emission pricing can induce non‐negligible excess cost as policy concedes (too) low emission prices to EITE industries and thereby foregoes relatively cheap abatement options in these sectors. With respect to global cost‐effectiveness of unilateral climate policy, we find that differential emission pricing in favour of EITE industries can reduce emission leakage and thereby provide global cost savings compared with uniform pricing. However, the scope for cost savings is limited and may change into substantial cost increases if unilateral reduction targets are moderate and EITE industries get close to exemptions.     

European Technological Sovereignty: An Emerging Framework for Policy Strategy

Intereconomics - The COVID-19 crisis has revealed the deep technological and production dependencies of the EU on third countries in sectors deemed as particularly strategic and has thus fuelled...     

Export Policy and Strategy Implications for Small-to-Medium Sized Firms

This article reports on a study of the export efforts of 223 small-to-medium sized companies. The research tried to identify the factors that are considered to be critical to the export success of such companies. The study also investigated the use of both subjective and objective measures of export success with a view to determining the suitability of subjective performance measures in the event of non-availabity of objective data. The findings suggest that export knowledge, committment, and the technological intensity of the exported product have positive relationships with one measure of export success and that external support programs are viewed as a negative influence. The relationship of these factors to export success is different depending on whether objective or subjective measures of success are used. Public policy implications are also discussed.     

The Defense Industry Initiative: Ethics,self-regulation,and accountability

In 1986, President Reagan created the Packard Commission, a blue-ribbon commission to investigate defense contracting procurement fraud. The Packard Commission's major recommendation was for defense contractors to adopt ethics programs. Out of this recommendation emerged the Defense Industry Initiative (DII). This paper examines this Initiative and focuses on the DII's six principles. In particular, this paper explores the implications the DII has had with respect to (1) pursuing intra-industry cooperation and setting industry-wide standards; (2) monitoring compliance; (3) the paradox inherent to the DII as a facilitator for industry self-regulation; and, (4) why companies have enthusiastically adopted the directive. This paper concludes that the DII falls short of being an effective method of self-regulation because: (1) it does not achieve complete industry-wide cooperation; (2) it does not establish uniform standards of ethical conduct within the industry; (3) it does not hold the signatory companies accountable for creating a strong system of ethical conduct; and, (4) it does not relieve the organizational and market pressures to be unethical.Nancy Kurland is a doctoral student. Her research interests include ethics, values, and moral reasoning in business. She has published in theJournal of Business Ethics.     

Teaching Global Ethical Standards: A Case and Strategy for Broadening the Accounting Ethics Curriculum

This paper advocates inclusion of a wider set of ethical theories into the accounting canon. We find that the mainstream accounting curriculum does not adequately engage with non-Western ethical theories or contemporary Western ethical thought, as evidenced by the ethics content of core accounting texts and the International Federation of Accountants’ ethics publications. We suggest adopting a ‘thematic’ approach to teaching ethics as an integrated part of accounting curricula. This approach addresses two competing principles implicit in International Education Standard 4: (i) that all accountants need to be educated to meet global ethical standards, and (ii) that teaching ethics should accommodate ethical traditions and practices that could vary between nations and cultures. The thematic approach we propose requires less additional space within existing accounting curricula and less additional preparation by accounting educators than the alternative approach of teaching substantive ethical theories from a sufficiently diverse range of cultures and traditions. The paper also provides exemplars of this thematic approach to teaching ethics in accounting.     

Sexuality and Ethics in Advertising: A Research Agenda and Policy Guideline Perspective

Abstract

Sexuality in advertising is a major area of ethical concern, though surprisingly little is known about its effects or the norms for its use. The author suggests a framing perspective on these two issues that consists of (1) a research agenda concerning the alleged effects and morality of sexual appeals (i.e., teleological vs. deontological considerations) and (2) a set of ethics-based, policy guidelines for addressing these issues (i.e., choice enhancement vs. consumer protection). Applying this framing perspective, the author provides a basis for making ethical choices about the use of sexual appeals in advertising.     

“十三五”医药创新驱动战略与创新人才培养研究

创新人才是增强城市创新能力的战略性资源。"十二五"时期,我国中医药事业取得了跨越式的发展,而在"十三五"时期,受新医改政策的影响,我国医药行业竞争日趋激烈,而医药创新驱动战略的实施使得对创新人才的需求大增。但由于我国医药队伍庞大、医药企业经营多元化、医药零售药店数量众多等原因,在培养医药创新型人才方面还面临很大挑战。我国应勇于创新,坚持中医药特色;同时加快在高校实行教学改革,并树立教育和管理的基本理念,以培养出优秀的医药创新型人才,适应创新型城市的需要。     

电子出版产品盈利模式再造:定价困境与商业策略选择

电子出版产品作为一种特殊数字产品受到网络技术发展的冲击。论文从电子出版产品定价困境开始分析,按照电子出版产品的经济属性和物理属性对其定价模式进行研究,重新构建盈利模式,为电子出版产品的商业战略选择进行指导。     

江西省文化产业与旅游产业互动耦合发展策略研究

发展文化产业和旅游产业,促进两大产业耦合已上升成为国家战略.江西省具有璨秀绝特的旅游资源和底蕴深厚的赣鄱文化,积极推动文化旅游产业融合发展,有利于充分挖掘和整合省内文化旅游资源,提升文化旅游品牌形象,助推两大产业转型升级,促进其健康可持续发展.通过对江西省文化和旅游两大产业资源现状和存在问题进行梳理分析.提出江西文化旅游产业耦合发展的相关策略和建议.