Why has multilateral space and spectrum resource management become more difficult?

This paper explains why the coordination of satellite orbits and spectrum use among nations may become more contentious and protracted. The potential for greater risks, delays, and conflicts may occur, despite treaty-level commitments by most nations to promote the peaceful uses of outer space and access to radio spectrum and satellite orbits free of signal interference and collision risk. Heretofore, specialized sectors of the United Nations (“UN”) have worked effectively in forging multilateral consensus on these matters.Since the onset of artificial satellite technology, the UN has created five space-related treaties covering such issues such as freedom of exploration, liability for damage caused by space objects, the prevention of harmful interference with space activities and the environment, the notification and registration of space activities, exploitation of natural resources in outer space and settlement of disputes. The International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”), a specialized agency of the UN, has largely achieved the goal of preventing harmful signal interference, formulating technical standards promoting equipment compatibility, and establishing uniform, operational rules of the road. Until now, month long ITU spectrum planning conferences have reached closure on both mundane and critical matters, albeit at a slow and methodical pace.The paper explains how several chronic and emerging factors challenge the successful record of multilateral consensus building on space and spectrum resource management issues. The probability of collisions of spacecraft with other objects, including space debris and harmful signal interference has increased, because the United States has opted to make domestic satellite rules and frequency allocations and in advance of final ITU consideration. Additionally, initiatives by China and Russia to expand the ITU’s mission to include elements of Internet governance could promote balkanization of Internet access and recognize the sovereign right of individual nations to surveil and control access to broadband networks.The paper assesses whether and how UN agencies can continue to establish timely and effective policies and procedures for reducing space debris and the potential for spacecraft collisions, and preventing harmful signal interference. The paper concludes that China, Russia, and the U.S., should renew efforts to promote collegiality, consensus building, and longstanding, shared goals at UN and ITU conferences.     

基于一体化表征公式的通导融合体系研究

为了从基础理论层面诠释通信导航融合的原理,为通信导航融合研究提供引导和理论支撑,从无线电传播的理论基础和代表性公式入手,综合考虑传输和测量2个核心要素,推导出通信导航一体化联合似然概率、信道容量、网络容量3个统一表征公式;以此为基础,选择了通信导航一体化波形并针对性设计了一体化接收机架构;提供了一体化系统架构和资源管理方案2个角度的一体化系统实现思路,最终构建了由一体化表征公式、一体化链路设计、一体化系统构成的通信导航融合体系。结果表明,所建构体系实现了数学机理、物理承载、应用实现3个层面的通导融合,描绘了通信导航融合的整体框架,涵盖了通信导航融合研究的主要领域,可为通信导航融合发展涉及的信号体制、交互协议、硬件设计等方面的研究提供参考和支撑。     

Managing integration and coordination in cross‐functional teams: an international study of Concurrent Engineering product development

This study is about the influence of integration and coordination of organisational mechanisms on the effectiveness of the process of product development by cross-functional teams. The sample consists of 50 cross-national Concurrent Engineering (CE) project teams, from companies in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, UK, and USA, in the technology intensive industries of aerospace, automobile, chemical, computer, electronics, shipbuilding, and telecommunications. The study offers a diagnostic tool which measures the effectiveness of the Concurrent Engineering team's process in terms of the behaviours and attitudes of the engineering/R&D and manufacturing representatives on the product development team: (a) two-way communication, (b) overlapping problems-solving, (c) readiness to use uncertain and ambiguous information released by team counterparts for decision-making, and (d) readiness to release uncertain and ambiguous information to team counterparts. The findings of the study are that integration mechanisms, such as team-based rewards and job rotation, and coordination mechanisms, such as project structure and information technology, and project leader's management style, support an effective team process, and overcome the negative effect of geographic distance and time-difference in cross-national teams. In addition, there are interesting implications for organisational learning in the practice of Concurrent Engineering for product development, and of the implications of these findings for practice and future research.     

The ecosystem as helix: an exploratory theory-building study of regional co-opetitive entrepreneurial ecosystems as Quadruple/Quintuple Helix Innovation Models

Regions are increasingly being viewed as eco-systemic agglomerations of organizational and institutional entities or stakeholders with socio-technical, socio-economic, and socio-political conflicting as well as converging (co-opetitive) goals, priorities, expectations, and behaviors that they pursue via entrepreneurial development, exploration, exploitation, and deployment actions, reactions and interactions. In this context, our paper aims to explore and profile the nature and dynamics of the Quadruple/Quintuple Helix Innovation System Model or Framework (government, university, industry, civil society, environment) as an enabler and enactor of regional co-opetitive entrepreneurial ecosystems which we conceptualize as fractal, multi-level, multi-modal, multi-nodal, and multi-lateral configurations of dynamic tangible and intangible assets within the resource-based view and the new theory of the growth of the firm. Co-opetitive fractal innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems are defined and discussed, and examples of regional innovation policies and programs are presented. Furthermore, the concept of multi-level innovation systems is analyzed, taking into account the existence of knowledge clusters and innovation networks, while alternative aggregations of multi-level innovation systems are proposed based on their spatial (geographical) and non-spatial (research-based) functional properties.     

Assessing nutritional status and nutrition-related knowledge,attitudes and practices of Albanian schoolchildren to support school food and nutrition policies and programmes

In Albania, many children exhibit poor nutritional status, have unhealthy diets and inadequate physical activity. Yet, comprehensive studies on the nutritional status, food and nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) are largely non-existent for Albanian school-age children.To fill these important gaps, a nationwide survey was conducted in Albania in 2017–2018 to assess the nutritional status and the nutrition-related KAP of Albanian school-aged children.The study consisted of a nationally representative sample of 7578 Albanian schoolchildren from all regions of the country. In addition, 6810 parent questionnaires were collected, along with interviews with the directors of all involved schools, 311 teachers and 53 key informants representing local authorities in all districts of Albania. Data collection consisted of anthropometric measurements of children and structured questionnaires administered to children, their parents, teachers, school directors, and key informants.The survey is unique in both the scope of the respondents involved, and in the breadth of content area covered, and as such, makes an important contribution not only to Albania, but also to the field of research in food, health and nutrition for school-age children.This paper presents the preliminary findings from the KAP survey that will help influence policies for actionable advancement on the commitments and priorities of Albania to improve food security and nutrition. In particular, the study findings will support the development of a national school food and nutrition programme in Albania embedded into the local food system and the design of food and nutrition educational materials and campaigns to promote healthy diets and practices among both school-age children and the Albanian population.     

Risk management and finance along value chains of Small Island Developing States. Evidence from the Caribbean and the Pacific

The paper analyses agricultural risks and risk management in selected Small Island Developing States which are part of the African Caribbean Pacific country group. Focus is on the value chains of fruits, vegetables and spices. A survey was conducted in Grenada, Jamaica, Fiji and Vanuatu, aimed at identifying sources of risk which are most important to value chain stakeholders; the nature and quality of existing and potential risk management mechanisms; and the possibility of enhancing them in view of improving the functioning of the value chains. The sample included farmers, processors, traders, retailers, extension agents, Government officials and private services providers. Results reveal limited ability to handle price and production variability, due to lack of both horizontal and vertical co-ordination along value chains, reduced use of support services, notably credit and underinvestment in equipment. In addition, lack of demand contributes to make insurance markets incomplete and characterised by undersupply or lack of customised products. Promoting light forms of vertical and horizontal co-ordination, such as production contracts and producers’ associations, as well as value chain-based credit and finance may address some of the issues highlighted.     

二恶英——遍布全球的环境污染物

综述了环境中二恶英及类二恶英的来源、主要特性及污染水平。人类焚烧城市垃圾、医疗废弃物及工业废弃物等固体废物 ,燃烧各种燃料 ,制造和施用含氯农药以及冶金、造纸、化工、饮水消毒等产业都无意识地向环境中排放二恶英及类二恶英。由于它们在环境中极其稳定 ,无论在原野、在大气还是在水域 ,到处都有它们的踪迹。同时 ,由于有着良好的脂溶性 ,它们很容易通过食物链传递而生物累积到动物和人体中。因而 ,人类的二恶英污染是非常普遍且相当严重的 ,它们往往出现在人体的血液、脂肪、肝脏和母乳中     

基于DEA方法的特色小镇的绩效研究

本文从“产城人文”融合视角对特色小镇的绩效水平进行评价。运用数据包络分析的CCR模型,从投入角度对江、浙等省市的19个特色小镇进行了评价分析,从有效性、稳定性、效益性、投影等角度进行分析,指出非有效DMU改进方向,通过计算推理出影响DMU有效的关键因子。通过分析现阶段特色小镇发展现状和存在的问题,有针对性地提出促进小镇发展的方针意见,为小镇推行者提供决策依据,丰富小镇建设理论及实践经验。结果表明部分特色小镇盲目扩张,投资过大,存在一定的资源浪费现象;投入及产出结构失衡,管理创新能力发挥有限;对于特色小镇发展而言,产业、投资、规划依次是影响发展的关键因素。     

战略演进、能力提升与文化协同——尖峰集团可持续成长的分析

本文运用企业可持续成长的三维动态分析框架对尖峰集团近50年的成长过程进行了深入分析。基于分析,我们发现在经济制度环境和市场竞争环境剧烈变革的背景下,尖峰集团的持续成长过程既是一个战略演进、能力提升与文化协同的动态发展过程,同时还是战略、能力和文化三者之间协同互动发展的过程。追求环境和资源的和谐,实现战略演进与管理过程的和谐,奠定战略和能力和谐的价值观基础,就构成了尖峰集团持续成长的核心要义。     

An investigation of the personality traits of scientists versus nonscientists and their relationship with career satisfaction

Drawing on Holland's vocational theory, Schneider's Attraction‐Selection‐Attrition model, and the Big Five/narrow traits model of personality, the present study identified key Big Five and narrow personality traits that both distinguish scientists from members of other occupations and related these to their career satisfaction. A sample of 2,015 scientists had significantly higher levels of openness, intrinsic motivation, and tough‐mindedness, and significantly lower levels of assertiveness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, optimism, and visionary style than a sample of nonscientists (n = 78,753). Seven traits were significantly correlated with the career satisfaction of scientists: agreeableness/teamwork, assertiveness, emotional stability, extraversion, openness, optimism, and work drive. Based on these results, a psychological profile of scientists was presented. Findings were discussed in terms of the functional value and person–occupation fit of these traits for the work of scientists. Implications were described for the recruitment, selection, management, and promotion of scientists, as well as their training, development, coaching, counseling, and mentoring.     

全球化经济中的生产非一体化--基于江苏投入产出表的实证研究

全球经济中生产非一体化已成为国际制造业发展的主要方向,生产非一体化有其内在的动因和发生机制.文章在揭示生产非一体化内涵及其效应的基础上提出了若干假说,运用投入产出表对中国及长三角的贸易一体化和生产非一体化程度进行了测量,对二者的相关性进行了计量检验.结果支持了本文假说,贸易一体化和生产非一体化互为解释变量时,计量效果显著,对它们具有较高解释力的变量还有资本化指数、行业外向度和交易费用等,改进后的模型显著性水平提高.     

基于眼动特征的可变信息标志视认性影响研究

为了补充可变信息标志在昼夜交替时的亮度要求,改善在昼夜交替时的视认效果,开展了环境照度和字体亮度对可变信息标志视认性的影响研究。首先,通过实测环境照度和字体参数实验,确定影响视认性的关键参数;其次,开展视认可变信息标志眼动实验,分析字体亮度和环境照度对视认性的影响;最后,建立最佳字体亮度与环境照度的最优匹配函数。结果表明：在200,400,600,800,1 000 lx环境照度下,红色字体最佳显示亮度分别为170,200,230,260,270 cd/m²,黄色字体最佳显示亮度分别为185,225,265,305,325 cd/m²,绿色字体最佳显示亮度分别为200,240,280,320,340 cd/m²;在达到最佳视认效果的情况下,字体亮度随环境照度的增大而增大,且增长速率逐渐变小。研究所得影响规律及字体亮度与环境照度最优匹配函数可得不同环境照度下不同颜色字体的最佳显示亮度,为昼夜交替时不同环境照度下不同颜色字体显示亮度的参数设置提供了依据,对提高城市道路交通可变信息标志的视认性、降低事故率具有重要意义。     

The critical role of the institution-led market in the technological catch-up of emerging market enterprises: evidence from Chinese enterprises

Innovation scholars have, in the past, applied the concept of ‘windows of opportunity’ to study latecomer firms’ catch-up. Previous research treats this concept as three separate aspects, i.e., technological, institutional and market. The role of government was seen as being concerned only with institutional windows of opportunity. However, governments in emerging markets exert influence not only through traditional means of institutional support but, also, via market-driven mechanisms. The former refers to state procurement, resource provision, legislation, and administrative control, whereas the latter is concerned with demand creation, resource allocation, and the regulation of market orders. This multifaceted nature of government in promoting economic growth, guiding technological development, and influencing enterprise behavior remains under-researched. Yet, it plays a crucial role in the catch-up of emerging market enterprises. Therefore, based on innovation studies literature and an institution-based view of international business, the present research proposes a new construct, termed the institution-led market, with the aim to encapsulate the complex role of government in the catch-up of emerging market enterprises. The institution-led market is defined as a unique type of market that is well-timed and strategically created by the government and supported by institutional policies and resources. A large database of 259 Chinese firms in 37 industries was created and analyzed using a hierarchical logistic model to empirically test the relationship between the institution-led market and technological catch-up of emerging market enterprises. We demonstrate that the institution-led market positively affects the catch-up of emerging market enterprises; furthermore, it significantly moderates the effect of technological discontinuity on the catch-up. Finally, the theoretical contributions and managerial implications of the present research are discussed.     

金属-有机骨架材料的制备及应用进展

金属-有机骨架材料(简称MOFs)是近年来发展迅猛的一种具有三维孔结构的新型高分子材料,由有机配体和金属离子通过配位键自组装形成,具有较大的比表面积和较好的吸附性能。回顾了MOFs材料的研发历程,系统地介绍了MOFs材料水/溶剂热合成、微波合成、超声合成的原理和制备方法,分析了其优点和存在的不足。讨论了MOFs材料在储氢、CO2吸附、有毒化合物吸附、催化、荧光等方面的研究进展,认为未来的研究方向是开发新的MOFs材料合成工艺,进一步提高结构稳定性,拓展其应用领域。     

The future of operations management: An outlook and analysis

Managing operations in both manufacturing and service organizations have evolved tremendously over the years with the change in market requirements. The market has become global, thereby compelling enterprise operations to keep up. The application of information technology/information systems (IT/IS) and outsourcing in managing operations have significantly altered the landscape of operations management (OM) strategies, techniques, and technologies. Consciousness towards environmental and safety also urges companies to examine their OM approach and manufacturing from various perspectives. Recently, energy cost and protection against terrorism have changed the portfolio of enterprise operations and therefore the approach to OM. Now, it is time to revisit the OM principles, curriculum, and training at the institution of higher learning and industries. Moreover, manufacturing has become more of a service activity, indicating significant service OM, including project management. The profile of service industries has also changed in view of the emergence of globalization, outsourcing, and IT, coupled with the rapid economic growth of emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC). In fact, services account for approximately 80% of the US gross domestic product (GDP); this is also a growing figure of the GDPs of other countries over the world. Again, service OM needs to be revisited in the context of the abovementioned paradigm shifts. In considering the significance of the above-mentioned changes in the market and society as a whole, an attempt is made to study the evolution of OM and subsequently to develop a framework for new OM strategies and tactics that will support the competitiveness of organizations within the next 10-20 years.     

基于“云计算”的人力资源档案信息决策支持系统的研究

随着科技时代的迅猛发展,人力资源和知识资源已成为企业发展的重要组成部分,因此,建立人力资源数据池,并以此为依托进行数据挖掘,从而提取高质量和高数量的信息为管理者决策提供支持是十分必要的。本研究利用"云计算"所具有的超大规模、高可靠性、通用性、高可扩展性等特点,开发人力资源档案信息决策支持系统用于各项管理和决策工作。在分析"云计算"在资源集成和共享等方面优势的基础上,设计了本系统所采用的基础数据采集层、网络服务支持层、云计算支持层、数据标准化转换层、系统应用层、系统服务层、决策支持层等7层架构,探讨了每层结构的特点和功能,并就决策支持系统部分所采用的工作方式、工作模式进行了详细介绍,该系统弥补了传统档案管理所存在的数据资源不足、多数据源的数据无法实现同构和标准化处理等缺陷。     

Poverty,population and environmental degradation in China

This article examines the relationship between poverty, population, and environmental degradation in China. Environmental conditions include water pollution, deforestation, destruction of grasslands, soil erosion, and salinization. The authors review China's success in controlling environmental degradation through leadership, environmental policies, and institutional capacity. Findings suggest that environmental progress is best achieved indirectly by poverty alleviation, market integration, and population control. Government policies were not very effective. Degradation occurs due to limited financial resources, poorly trained personnel, and political factors. Control of water pollution was instituted since the 1980s. The levels of pollutants have been reduced, but the type of pollutant determines the seriousness of impact. Water pollution is due to industrial wastes, agricultural run-off, and soil erosion. Since the 1970s, reforestation targets have not been met. Technical extension and monitoring of planting is not available in most areas, and private, profit seeking interests control acreage. Grassland destruction is due to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and overgrazing. Independent regional authorities have successfully managed pasture programs. Erosion is the most serious in Loess Plateau, the Red Soils area, the Northeast China Plain, and the Northwest Grasslands, which comprise 70% of total land area. In 1990, erosion control was practiced in 39% of eroded land area. Salinization has remained fairly constant. Environmental controls (direct regulation, planned recovery, and state-mandated technological improvements) are uneven. The main tool for environmental management is the State Environmental Protection Commission and its executive unit, SEPA. Problems stem from vague laws, lack of means of enforcement, lack of coordination of laws, and lack of standards, schedules, and other provisions in ordinances.     

中国共产党工业化道路理论的学理性探析

中国的工业化取得了举世瞩目的成功。理论是行动的指南,中国共产党提出的工业化理论为制定工业化战略和政策指明了方向。本文聚焦中国共产党工业化道路理论,从思想脉络和发展规律角度探求该理论的动态演进和深层机理,以期推进对中国共产党工业化理论的系统性、科学性和学理性研究。本文梳理和归纳了中国共产党农轻重协调发展理论(工农业关系论与农轻重次序论)和工业化发展战略理论(重工业优先发展论、农村工业化论、新型工业化论、"四化"同步发展论)的主要观点和历史演进,并剖析了每个理论观点背后的主要依据。本文认为,中国共产党工业化道路理论的演进过程是一个内涵不断丰富和深化的过程,是一个把马克思主义基本原理同中国伟大实践密切结合的过程,也是一个工业化驱动理论引领工业化道路理论的过程。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Unions, Wages and Inflation, by Daniel J.B. Mitchell.
Labor Unions and the Inequality of Earned Income, by John S. Pettengill.
The Economics ofthe Labour Market, edited by 2. Hornstein, J. Grice and A. Webb.
Equal Pay and Opportunities. A study of the implementation and effects of the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts in 26 Organizations, by M.W. Snell, P. Glucklich and M. Povall.
Women and Low Pay, edited by Peter J. Sloane.
The Right to Strike, by L.J: Macfarlane.
The Znternational Labour Organisation, by Walter Galenson.
Forces of Change in Western Europe, by Neil W. Chamberlain.
Unions in American National Politics, by Graham K. Wilson.
Trade Unions, National Politics and Economic Management, by Jon Clark, Heinz Hartmann, Christoph Lau, and David Winchester.
Ideology and Shop-floor Industrial Reiations, by P.J. Armstrong, J.F.B. Goodman, and J.D. Hyman.
Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth Century London: John Cast and his Times. by I. J. Prothero.
Theories of Trade Unionism: A Sociology of Industrial Relations, by Michael Poole.
Sociology, Work and Indusrry, by Tony J. Watson.
New Patterns of Work Reform, by Bjorn Gustavsen and Gerry Hunnius.
Industrial Relations Training for Managers, by Chris Brewster and Stephen Connock.
Practical Participation and Involvement, 1. Communication in Practice, Published by the Institute of Personnel Management.     

企业的主体性分析范式--基于"浙商"和中国企业的视角

从“浙商”和中国企业的视角看，存在对企业分析范式的传统性与现代化、普遍性与特殊性、企业家与企业、生产力与人的发展、经济与文化协调等多重矛盾统一的规定．以及循着超越发展的要求。但是，现有的企业分析范式不能完整和充分地适应这种要求．存在局限性。适应“浙商”和中国企业循着超越发展要求的是企业主体性分析范式，其假设前提是个人和共同利益的最大化，其研究平台是完整的主体性理论，其参照系是相关性与自主性的动态协调．其基本方法是科学分析与人文分析等的统一。企业主体性分析范式具有一般应用原理、特殊应用原理和典型应用原理，关键在于假设前提以及相关和自主的特性、内容与结构关系的不同。