论任美锷关于韦伯工业区位理论的研究

韦伯的工业区位理论是西方古典区位理论中的一枝奇葩。该理论自20世纪30年代传入中国后,成为许多学者探讨中国工业化进程中工业布局问题的理论基础。任美锷是系统研究韦伯工业区位理论的代表性学者。他评介了韦伯工业区位因素理论、区位三角形模型以及韦伯理论的学术价值与应用价值;阐释了韦伯的运费指向论及劳动费指向论;从运费的决定因素、工业的动力指向、非经济因素对工业区位的影响、动态的工业区位等方面拓展了韦伯理论。其研究成果代表了20世纪40年代中国学者对韦伯工业区位理论的认知水准。     

企业区位理论古典分析框架的改进与扩展——艾萨尔德的理论研究述评

本文以核心文献为基础 ,对艾萨尔德在企业区位理论古典分析框架改进和扩展方面的理论研究进行分析评价。艾萨尔德对企业区位理论古典分析框架的改进和扩展表现在三个方面 :第一 ,引入“距离投入”变量和“边际替代”关系 ,对韦伯工业区位论、杜能农业区位论进行一般化理论概括和改进 ;第二 ,引入市场边界线函数 ,把企业区位理论古典分析框架中的市场区位点与原料供应区位点分析方法扩展到市场区域与原料供应区域 ;第三 ,引入生产经济理论 ,把企业区位理论古典分析框架中的单一生产区位分析方法扩展到多生产区位 ,对古典区位论与生产经济理论进行比较与综合。     

GIS和引力多边形方法在公共设施服务域研究中的应用--以上海浦东新区综合医院为例

服务域分析是公共设施布局和规划中的重要方法,GIS技术为设施区位和服务域研究提供了重要的分析环境。文章以地理学区位分析理论中的空间相互作用模型为基础,提出了基于引力模型的设施服务域分析———引力多边形方法;并在GIS分析环境,建立了以Huff模型为例的引力多边形服务域算法。通过上海浦东新区综合医院服务域的实例研究,展现了引力多边形方法在公共设施服务域和区位分析中的重要作用。     

从韦伯的工业区位论看企业跨国投资的动机及地点选择

区位论是研究经济活动的地域布局的理论。 2 0世纪初 ,由德国著名经济学家韦伯所创立的工业区位论 ,系统地探讨了生产成本最低化目标下工业企业的布局原则。文章简介了韦伯工业区位论的主要内容 ,论述了企业 (尤其是传统产业的企业 )的跨国经营与工业区位论间的基本联系 ,从工业区位因子角度说明了企业跨国经营的动机及地点选择问题。     

信息时代区位论发展的新趋势

信息技术已经渗透到国民经济及社会的各个方面,导致现代社会生产方式和生活方式由传统模式向以信息技术支撑的网络化模式转变,这种信息化过程促进了各学科理论和实践的发展,作为研究人类活动空间场所选择及其空间组织优化的理论区位论也不例外。文章从区位因子、区位选择范围、行为区位理论、知识区位论、中心地理论等方面,分析了区位论发展的新动向,认为区位论正向区位因子软化、选择范围全球化、区位主体现实化、产业区位以信息知识产业为主以及中心地理论虚拟化的方向发展。     

中国农村工业企业区位变化研究——以江苏省宜兴市万石镇为例

中国农村工业在其发展过程中对区位的选择有很大的特殊性,研究中国农村工业的区位问题可以进一步丰富和完善工业区位理论.文章以对江苏省宜兴市万石镇乡镇企业的实地考察为基础,运用总成本最小模型,分析了改革开放初期我国农村工业企业区位形成的主要原因,探讨了新的环境下区位选择的新变化及其进一步演进的趋势.研究表明,中国农村工业的区位选择有其深刻的社会经济背景,工业区位的一般理论对中国农村工业依然有效.     

新形势下中国企业对外投资的区位选择综合决策模型

对外直接投资的区位选择是跨国公司管理决策的关键点,在很大程度上决定着投资的成败,现有理论在解决了众多为何要对外投资的问题,但在向何处投资的问题上却没有理论和模型可以全面解释。本文建立了新的对外直接投资的区位选择决策二级系统模型,将影响因素按影响效果和属性分类,利用模糊优选方法解决了非量化因素的量化可比性问题。并将本国与外国因素融入同一模型,同时解决了是否要进行对外投资和向何处投资两个问题。     

知识经济对传统区位论的挑战

与以往的传统经济相比，知识经济是以智力资源的占有、配置、以科学技术为主的知识的生产分配和使用（消费）为最重要因素的经济。经济形式的变化必然带来研究经济行为的空间选择及空间内经济活动的组合理论－－区位论的变化。具体表现为：研究领域的扩展、研究重点转向以人为中心、知识要素成为内生变量、行为矩阵变为三维模式以及区位模式的变化。     

转型期广州市服务业区位演变及布局特征

改革开放以来,我国大都市服务业发展迅速,并逐步成为主导产业,服务业在城市聚集、扩散导致的区位演变及空间格局引起我国学者的关注.以广州为例,在采用服务业四分法基础上,运用1990、2000年人口普查数据及1996、2001年基本单位普查数据,分析了1990年以来广州市不同类型服务业就业和基本单位的区位演变、区位特征及形成机制.研究发现,生产性服务业在老城区集聚程度下降,新中心区集聚程度上升,总体上形成"双中心"格局;分配性服务业在老城区集聚明显下降,向新中心区及外围区扩散,布局逐步均衡化,但不同部门差异明显;消费性服务业从老城区逐步向外围区扩散,中心集聚仍较高,且有随人口均衡布局特征;社会性服务业在老城区集聚减弱,在新中心和外围区集聚增强,呈团块状或局部集聚.与国外相比,广州市服务业区位特征是"多中心集聚"区位.     

城市清真寺周边商业环境的空间区位分析——以青海西宁东关大寺为例

以城市清真寺周边商业环境为研究对象进行空间区位分析,对于阐释特殊商业空间区位具有十分重要的理论意义.研究发现,西宁东关大寺周边商业行业在空间上并非是均匀分布的,其空间分布格局可依据带别特化系数大小划分为稀疏带、密集带和高度密集带.城市清真寺周边商业行业的空间区位主要依穆斯林商业行业的性质不同而存在较大差异,商业行业密集的地带并非一定位于城市主干道,区位条件较好的城市支路也可能成长为商业行业的空间密集地带.与此同时,城市清真寺周边商业行业对清真大寺具有明显的空间依赖关系,“邻寺布局”的空间特征非常显著,并对回族居住区和城市交通便捷程度具有强烈的空间敏感性,但这种空间敏感性又因穆斯林商业的传统性和现代性而存在不同.穆斯林传统商业行业主要依托穆斯林日常生活而存在,对清真寺和回族居住区具有更强的空间敏感性,因而其“邻寺布局”的空间区位特征更加明显,基本靠近清真寺和回族居住区进行布局.穆斯林现代商业行业则更多依托消费市场和门槛人口而存在,对城市交通便捷程度和商业中心具有更强的空间敏感性,因而其“带状布局”或“点状布局”的空间区位特征更加显著,基本沿城市交通进行临街布局.     

基于GIS的社区体育服务设施布局优化研究

从社区体育服务设施布局的现状出发,提出将地理信息系统(GIS)技术引入到社区体育服务中,利用GIS的空间分析与辅助决策功能进行社区体育服务设施选址和布局优化,为社区体育设施选址方案提供新的视角,为其他公共服务设施的选址提供一个可供参考的途径和方法。并以湘潭市雨湖区为例,对该地区的社区体育服务设施布局进行了优化和分析,得到了比较合理的结果。     

IS MONEY THE MEASURE OF WELFARE IN RUSSIA?

The transformation of a non-market to a market economy ought to change fundamentally the significance of money incomes for welfare. Whereas in a stressful non-market economy such as the former Soviet Union, non-monetized resources could substitute for money income and promote welfare, in a modern market economy money income should be a good proxy for household welfare. This article tests the extent to which Russians are now in a modern market economy by analyzing data from nationwide Russian surveys in January, 1992, and April, 1994. Modern influences are increasingly important as a determinant of the distribution of money incomes, but not as an influence upon household welfare. The "randomness" of temporary disruptions of welfare is in accord with Rawlsian principles of equity.     

A model of quality control based on recycling economy and sustainable manufacture

People currentiy pay attention to a hotspot problem that how industrial production is evaluated and controlled based on sustainable development theory. Quality is one of the important indexes. Two mainstream theories guide us to realize the industrial sustainable development： mainly the circular economy and sustainable manufacturing are introduced. The basic characteristics of the sustainable manufacturing are introduced, and that quality management is important contents of sustainable development is indicated. Based on circular economy and sustainable manufacture theories, the drawbacks in the existing quality management models are analyzed. The requests that satisfy the big system ＂environment- society - economy＂ are summarized to build up a model. A Chinese traditional cultural principle is applied and the relevant contents are sublimated as the platform to set up the model. The new quality management concept models are put forward ＂T- D- R＂ three-dimensional structures and ＂ecological quality loop＂ model, from which the new quality concepts are formed The paper elaborates the contents and the process of setting up the models. The big quality problems of the system can be handled by the new quality concept and model that are validated in practice.     

Political Cycles: Issue Ownership and the Opposition Advantage

In modern democracies, common wisdom suggests that political parties alternate in power due to voters' disappointment. The aim of this paper is to show that parties' turnover may be due to voters' "satisfaction." Our model is built on two main assumptions: Parties "own" different issues, and investments in the provision of public goods create a linkage between successive elections. We show that no party can maintain itself in power forever when the median voter is moderate enough. This result holds when the parties' main objective is to win the election and is compatible with a large range of candidates subobjectives that may change from one election to the next. We also provide some novel welfare implications. Whereas rent-seeker candidates always dominate reelection-concerned candidates in one public good models, rent-seeker candidates may be welfare improving compared with reelection-concerned candidates.     

GIS决策支持系统下的物流中心配送分区

目前对于货物的配送分区,业者主要依据经验法则,但当需求点增多到一定程度时,这种方法恐怕就难以胜任。文章尝试将配送分区问题转化为仓库区位和网络区位问题,在此基础上建立数学模型和简例模拟,并根据简例条件运用地理信息系统Trans CAD软件进行仿真,通过比较两种方式的分区效果,为业者利用GIS系统进行合理分区提供理论支持。     

政府和市场关系两种模型的比较与思考

传统上认为,“掠夺之手”模型和“扶持之手”模型是两种完全不同的关于政府和市场关系的理论,前者以政府经济人假设为前提。后者则坚持政府是公共社会福利代表的假设。但两者都认为政府应该积极作为,这说明两者背后可能存在共同的逻辑。通过更为细致的比较,发现两种理论模型其实在进行前提假设时并不完全绝对,前者承认在特殊时刻,政府利益和社会公共利益会重合,后者则在承认政府存在腐败、效率低下等问题的前提下。试图通过政府治理解决这一问题。这提示我们,如果政府具有自利和利他的双重属性,则两种理论的冲突可以弥合。     

An asymmetric oligopoly model and a method for its empirical application

The purpose of this paper is to develop an asymmetric game-theoretic static oligopoly model suitable for empirical work on oligopolistic markets. Prevailing models in applied research on oligopolistic industries are mainly of the type conjectural variations, Cournot models, although these models are known to be logically flawed from a game-theoretic point of view. As an alternative to these, a Bertrand model with three types of asymmetries is developed: firms can be concurrently asymmetric in cost levels and in the amount of product differentiation, where the impact from product differentiation on a firm's quantity demanded is divided into one relative-price component and one size component. This model is solved for different game-theoretic equilibria solutions. The conduct and performance of individual firms can be analyzed, and welfare effects in terms of consumer-surplus levels are calculated on the firm level. The model contains enough structure for direct use in applied research. A simple method for empirical use of the model is proposed, which minimizes the econometric task: By estimatingn+1 demand elasticities, the asymmetric market-demand structure for then firms will be completely specified.     

Proactive planning and valuation of transmission investments in restructured electricity markets

Traditional methods of evaluating transmission expansions focus on the social impact of the investments based on the current generation stock which may include firm generation expansion plans. In this paper, we evaluate the social welfare implications of transmission investments based on equilibrium models characterizing the competitive interaction among generation firms whose decisions in generation capacity investments and production are affected by both the transmission investments and the congestion management protocols of the transmission system operator. Our analysis shows that both the magnitude of the welfare gains associated with transmission investments and the location of the best transmission expansions may change when the generation expansion response is taken into consideration. We illustrate our results using a 30-bus network example. An erratum to this article can be found at     

珠江三角洲城乡一体化发展模式与格局的探讨

本文分析了珠江三角洲城乡一体化的现状和发展特点：根据区域发展理论指出珠三角城乡一体化进程可借鉴的城乡布局模式,提高珠江三角洲城乡一体化应用采取环形珠链状城市带模式;并对珠三角发展局的三大主环轴线,三小辅环线的九大放射轴线进行了分析。     

THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS

In both political discussions and scientific literature the income distribution has come to occupy a central position for the consideration of social welfare and economic equalization. It has been assumed that an individual's income reflects his consumption opportunities and therefore his standard of living or economic welfare. The thesis of this paper is, however, that there are reasons for being quite pessimistic about drawing meaningful conclusions from income distribution data. As illustrated by the use of Swedish data, the distribution of income gives an extremely incomplete picture of the distribution of consumption for a wide variety of definitional and statistical reasons. The distribution of consumption, furthermore, cannot be transformed into a corresponding distribution of welfare, since there is no well defined concept of welfare. The treatment of public consumption in empirical analysis of the distribution of welfare also raises problems. The paper closes with the presentation of the conceptual basis for an alternative to the traditional method of analyzing the distribution of income.