新常态下宏观审慎工具的有效性--基于DSGE模型的分析框架

本文分别选取贷款价值比率( LTV)上限与资本充足率( CAR)下限作为我国信贷类与资本类宏观审慎工具的代表,并以此建立了一个包含各类金融摩擦因素在内的动态随机一般均衡( DSGE)模型。模型紧密联系新常态下我国货币政策导向,通过宽松型利率政策冲击的数值模拟,拟合分析了LTV上限与CAR下限两类宏观审慎工具对稳定我国金融系统运行与实体经济增长的作用效果。研究结果表明,信贷类与资本类宏观审慎工具,均能够在一定程度上平抑单一利率型货币政策冲击所引发的信贷激增和银行杠杆骤升等失衡性金融波动;两类宏观审慎工具的运用能够与传统的利率政策工具形成有效的配合互补,在保证经济总产出的前提下,抑制金融顺周期效应,实现我国金融体系与宏观经济的稳定运行。     

宏观审慎框架下的央行独立性检验

本文通过建立四部门动态随机一般均衡模型探讨了货币政策与宏观审慎政策的互动机制,深入研究了我国央行在宏观审慎框架下的独立性问题。通过引入1992-2012年的季度数据进行实证模拟,结果显示:(1)目前我国央行在执行货币政策和宏观审慎政策时,两种政策并未完全隔离,即央行的宏观审慎监管并不独立,这与预期相符。(2)在以总产出和通胀作为目标变量时,货币政策和宏观审慎政策分别独立执行可使经济体的稳定性更优,但鉴于我国长期的"央行监管"模式,在央行监管体系之外单独建立权力部门执行宏观审慎监管并不现实,因而可在央行之下设立一个专门的委员会负责监测系统性风险并执行宏观审慎政策,以实现金融系统和实体经济双重稳定的目标。     

基于标准泰勒规则的我国货币市场利率偏离估算

本文利用泰勒规则方法对我国货币市场利率偏离程度进行了估算。对我国货币政策反应函数的经验分析表明,我国货币政策并不符合稳定货币政策规则要求。标准泰勒规则具有良好的稳健性。根据泰勒规则原式及稳定货币政策规则最低条件计算结果表明,我国货币市场利率长期存在负的利率缺口,货币政策对通胀和产出缺口并不是稳定的,更不是最优的,货币政策存在着长期偏误。这对进一步理解我国的通货膨胀和宏观经济波动,合理评价货币政策,提供了新的视角。     

宏观审慎监管政策与货币政策关系研究

建立动态随机一般均衡模型对宏观审慎监管政策与货币政策的交互作用进行分析,结果表明:在技术冲击引起的经济波动中,货币政策效果优于宏观审慎监管政策;在金融冲击引起的经济波动中,宏观审慎监管政策效果优于货币政策;宏观审慎监管政策与货币政策的合并使用并非在任何情况下都有稳定经济的作用。因此,货币政策仍是当前宏观调控框架下的核心政策,宏观审慎监管政策是针对金融冲击设计的扩展工具,它是货币政策的补充而并非替代品。我国应积极借鉴发达国家金融监管制度改革的经验,强化中央银行的监管职能,建立金融监管部门与货币政策制定部门的信息共享与处理平台以完善我国宏观金融调控体系。     

宏观审慎管理与货币政策协调配合研究

宏观审慎政策与货币政策之间的关系是当前研究的热点,国际金融危机的教训表明货币政策无法保证宏观经济稳定,需要引入宏观审慎政策加强金融稳定管理。宏观审慎管理侧重防范化解系统性风险并维护金融稳定,货币政策侧重维护价格稳定并促进经济增长,二者并非完全独立而且相互影响。为了更好地提高宏观政策配合有效性和实施好经济管理,要把握宏观审慎政策和货币政策目标定位、执行和测度的兼容性,加强宏观审慎工具和货币政策工具在种类设置、使用规则、使用时机上的配合,统筹实施主体的权责设置、激励机制、约束机制、政策边界及国际合作,在政策目标、操作工具、组织安排、微观机制等方面促进宏观审慎管理与货币政策的协调配合,实现促进经济增长和维持金融稳定。     

外汇储备对最优货币政策的影响

本文将外汇储备这一变量加入包括汇率与资产价格的宏观经济框架中,以最小化央行的损失函数为目标,得到央行最优货币政策规则,并结合中国经济数据进行实证分析,结果显示央行在制定货币政策时,应优先考虑产出缺口和通胀缺口,其次考虑汇率等相关因素.     

货币政策前瞻性指引有助于稳定经济——基于预期视角的数量分析

预期在广义虚拟经济中处于重要地位,是经济活动的主要驱动力之一,而货币政策前瞻性指引即是通过引导公众形成对货币政策的预期以达到维护经济稳定的目的。本文在新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型框架下,运用贝叶斯方法,从预期的角度研究我国货币政策前瞻性指引需针对的主要经济目标及预期冲击影响宏观经济的数量特征。研究发现,货币政策预期冲击的短期效应更强;货币政策预期冲击对通胀的影响显著,其次是对就业的影响,对产出、消费、投资和资本的影响相对较小;通胀与产出、消费、投资和资本同方向波动。实行货币政策前瞻性应主要针对通胀和就业目标,引导公众形成可预期的货币政策环境有助于维护宏观经济的稳定。     

宏观审慎政策及货币政策效果探讨:基于DSGE框架的分析

文章在动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)框架下,通过将宏观审慎政策工具贷款价值比动态化,以及引入对家庭和企业进行区别调控的思想,探讨了4种政策组合下主要宏观经济变量的动态变化。结果表明:(1)在传统冲击下,宏观审慎政策不会影响货币政策的目标;在非传统冲击下,遵循泰勒规则的货币政策与宏观审慎政策相互配合,对于通胀目标还起到一定的保护作用。(2)宏观审慎政策会改变各部门的资产配置,从而部分改变经济体的格局,但不会对经济体的总体运行状态产生结构性影响,因而具有中立性特征。     

中国近二十年货币政策的轨迹:价格规则还是数量规则

我国宏观经济在过去的20年高增长和高波动并存,2000年后波动有所减弱。文章利用1992-2011年的宏观经济数据,实证检验了货币政策的价格规则和数量规则。研究发现,汇率在货币政策规则中反应不显著,数量规则对产出和通胀的反应比价格规则更显著;2000年前后货币规则发生了结构性变化,货币政策对通胀的反应具有动态时变特征;数量规则比价格规则对产出和通胀的调控更有效。     

货币政策是否应该考虑汇率目标——基于美联储加息政策的应对分析

美联储启动加息预期以来,新兴市场和发展中国家货币汇率出现了较为剧烈的波动,关于货币政策规则中考虑汇率目标的争论增多。本文使用小型开放的新凯恩斯宏观经济模型,分析了美联储货币政策冲击对我国采取不同汇率目标权重货币政策规则时的影响。研究发现,美联储加息政策将使得我国产出减少、失业增加、通胀增加、汇率贬值。随着货币政策规则中汇率目标权重的增加,国内产出下降幅度扩大、失业增加幅度扩大、通胀增加幅度缩小、汇率贬值幅度缩小。此外,货币政策规则中考虑汇率目标也进一步削弱了本国货币政策的独立性。在此基础上,本文提出,在具体的货币政策实践中,货币当局应该根据本国的实际情况,对产出、就业、通胀和汇率等宏观经济变量的重要性做出权衡。     

Optimal Loan Loss Provisions and Welfare

We study the welfare implications of optimal loan loss provisions in a New Keynesian model featuring endogenous default risk and inflationary credit spreads. A unique link between provisions, credit spreads and inflation can be employed to enhance macroeconomic stability. Optimal provisions are most effective when dealing with cost-push financial shocks inherent in volatile spreads and the zero bound problem of monetary policy. Relaxing provisioning requirements following a recessionary financial disturbance consistently achieves the first-best outcome while nullifying the value of monetary policy under commitment. In contrast, deflationary demand shocks warrant an optimal rise in provisions, which inflate prices yet mildly contract output.     

Liquidity traps, learning and stagnation

We examine global economic dynamics under learning in a New Keynesian model in which the interest-rate rule is subject to the zero lower bound. Under normal monetary and fiscal policy, the intended steady state is locally but not globally stable. Large pessimistic shocks to expectations can lead to deflationary spirals with falling prices and falling output. To avoid this outcome we recommend augmenting normal policies with aggressive monetary and fiscal policy that guarantee a lower bound on inflation. In contrast, policies geared toward ensuring an output lower bound are insufficient for avoiding deflationary spirals.     

基于资产价格影响的货币政策非对称性效应研究

利用NK-SVAR模型就我国货币政策的非对称性效应进行研究,结果表明,紧缩性货币政策的效果比较明显,而扩张性货币政策效果较弱.货币冲击的紧缩效应强于扩张效应,这表明抑制经济的过快增长时紧缩性的货币政策效果显著,但扩张性货币政策无法摆脱经济的恶性衰退.     

Structural Changes and the Scope of Inflation Targeting in Korea *

A small, open macroeconomic model that accounts for new financial accelerator effects (the effects of fluctuations in asset prices on bank credit and economic activity) is developed to evaluate various policy rules for inflation targeting. Given the conditions of asset markets and the fragility of the financial sector, monetary policy responses can potentially amplify the financial accelerator effect. Simulations are used to compare various forms of inflation targeting using a model that emphasizes long-term inflation expectations, output changes, and the asset price channels. The simulations suggest that a successful outcome can be obtained by adhering to simple forward-looking rules, rather than backward-looking policy rules. Furthermore, inflation targeting can contribute to price as well as output stability by helping to keep the financial accelerator from being activated. Inflation targeting in emerging economies can provide an environment conducive to long-term capital market development. [E51,F3,F4]     

Quantitative easing tilts the balance between monetary and macroprudential policy

Quantitative easing by central banks has stimulated risk-taking in financial markets and contributed to a liquidity-driven boom in asset prices. It puts the relation between monetary policy and financial stability into a new perspective. We show by a regression analysis for a panel of 11 advanced economies that an asset price bust has adverse effects on inflation. The effect of stock prices and corporate bond rates on inflation is significant, also if we control for developments in credit. This insight implies that in conducting and implementing quantitative easing, central banks should closely monitor and take into account asset bubbles.     

House prices,credit and the effect of monetary policy in Norway: evidence from structural VAR models

This paper investigates the responses of house prices and household credit to monetary policy shocks in Norway, using Bayesian structural VAR models. The analysis indicates that the effect of a monetary policy shock on house prices is large, while the effect on household credit is muted. This is consistent with a relatively small refinancing rate (refinancing rate refers to the share of outstanding mortgages that are refinanced each period due to changes in, for example, house prices or interest rate) of the mortgage stock each quarter. Using monetary policy to guard against financial instability by mitigating property-price movements may prove effective, but trying to mitigate household credit may prove costly in terms of GDP and inflation variation.     

2011-2012年中国货币政策分析与展望

本文回顾了2011年中国货币政策操作的主要措施和金融运行情况,分析了2012年货币政策运行环境,提出了货币政策建议。本文认为,2011年,面对不断上升的通货膨胀压力,中国人民银行实行了稳健的货币政策,货币信贷条件向常态水平回归,有效遏制了物价过快上涨的势头。2012年,在经济增长下行压力和物价上涨压力并存的局面下,中国人民银行需要继续实施稳健的货币政策,进一步增强货币政策的针对性、灵活性和前瞻性,根据经济形势的变化,适时适度进行预调微调,保持货币信贷总量和社会融资规模的合理适度增长,更好地服务于实体经济发展。     

价格型与数量型货币政策工具比较——基于包含时变通胀目标的DSGE模型

建立包含时变通胀目标的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,研究在分别使用数量型和价格型的货币政策工具的情况下通胀目标变动冲击对中国经济波动的影响。结果显示:在两种情况下,通胀目标变动冲击对通货膨胀和利率的波动均产生重要影响;当使用数量型货币政策工具时,通胀目标变动冲击是导致产出波动的主要因素;整体而言,价格型货币政策工具的调控效果要优于数量型货币政策工具。提出:我国央行应保持货币政策的连续性和稳定性,形成长期稳定的通胀目标,并使货币政策调控模式逐步向价格型调控模式转移。     

Dynamics of money, output and price interaction — some Indian evidence

The present study is an attempt to model the dynamic interactions between money, output and prices in a structural vector autoregression framework. The primary concern of the paper is to examine the sources of variations and response of one variable to changes in others in a system of economic variables in the Indian context. Using quarterly data from 1970Q1 to 1990Q4, we find that structural factors, in addition to monetary factors, play an important role in generating and sustaining the process of inflation and fluctuations in economic activity. An increase in money/credit supply is found to increase output and prices in the short-run and prices in the long-run, while a non-accommodating monetary policy is ineffective in controlling inflation even at the cost of substantial output losses, thereby indicating relative rigidities in price movements. Another interesting finding is that the monetary authority responds differently to different price shocks, exercising its leverage in altering the quantity as well as the composition of aggregate money supply. Our findings also indicate that the economy is characterized by relatively large and infrequent shocks to ‘price/cost’-related factors. Finally, our analysis suggests that a simple monetary targeting without adequate ‘supply side’ measures may not be able to serve the objective of maintaining growth with price stability.     

Helicopter Ben,Monetarism, The New Keynesian Credit View and Loanable Funds

Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to examine the intellectual roots of monetary dominance over fiscal policy. A first step was Milton Friedman’s reinterpretation of the Great Depression based on the money-multiplier story associated with the fractional-reserve system. In the 1990s New Keynesian authors and Ben Bernanke in particular never got away from Friedman’s interpretation and remained faithful to the loanable funds theory despite their new focus on bank credit and their apparent abandonment of monetarism. New Consensus Macroeconomics kept arguing that expansionary fiscal policy could only lead to higher inflation rates and real interest rates that lowered potential output. The New Keynesian literature on the zero lower bound of the early 2000s thus mostly overlooked the benefits of expansionary fiscal policy; instead, the optimism on unconventional monetary policies failed to prepare policymakers for the Global Financial Crisis. The crisis demands far-reaching changes to monetary and macro theory not least of which is a recognition that the theory of loanable funds is incapable of providing any insight into how the financial system works in practice.