天气风险管理策略分析

以一般风险的定义和分类原则为指导,创新地把天气风险分为天气灾害风险、一般天气风险、气候变化风险三类,分别给出了严格的界定,并以天气风险发生概率和对目标影响程度作为维度绘制了天气风险坐标图,在此基础上详细分析了相应的天气风险管理策略。     

工业遗产价值取向的评析

基于从城市工业化的特征去评价工业遗产价值的观点,指出工业遗产的价值取向在于传承工业化进程中有价值的文化信息,为今人和后人传递和发扬工业文化信息。从城市工业化特征出发,提出以主要行业到典型企业再到建筑遗产的递进评价方法,分别制定行业、企业和建筑的评价指标,建立了三类七项十条指标的评价框架,并以我国著名的工业城市重庆作了实例评析,为科学评价工业遗产价值做了有益探索。     

THE SIGNIFICANCE AND USE OF LONG-RANGE ACTUARIAL COST ESTIMATES FOR THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM

This paper describes the methodology underlying the actuarial cost estimates for the Social Security program and the assumptions needed therefor. With this as a background, the use to which these estimates is made in developing legislation is described, with emphasis on the current financing problems. Finally, various possible solutions to these problems are discussed. These solutions involve either increasing the income of the program or decreasing the rate of growth of its outgo. Increased income could be derived by increasing the payroll tax rates, by injecting general revenues (either directly or indirectly, such as taxing Social Security benefits and putting the proceeds in the trust funds or financing part of all of the Hospital Insurance program from general revenues and moving some of its payroll tax rate to the cash-benefits program), or by covering government employees who are not now covered. The growth of outgo could be reduced by changes in the cost-of-living adjustments of benefits, by gradually increasing the normal retirement age, or by gradually decreasing the relative benefit level     

ON CONSUMERS' VALUATION OF NUTRITION INFORMATION

The European Union (EU) is contemplating regulations requiring mandatory provision of nutritional information on food products. This study analyses consumers' valuation of nutritional information using data collected from a field survey. The results generally suggest that consumers value and are willing to pay about 5.9 percent of the original price for nutritional information on the food product we studied. Individuals who are non-price-sensitive, nutritionally knowledgeable and with longer time horizon are willing to pay more for nutritional information than others. Considering consumers' willingness to pay for nutritional information on food products and an EU impact assessment study, the costs of provision of this information are not prohibitive to firms. We estimate that the least conservative cost of labelling to the firm for a specific food product can be as much as €29,431, whereas the average economic value of nutrition information is estimated at €17,064. The firm can therefore recoup the associated costs in less than two months.     

基于GIS的城市地价动态监测信息系统的建立及其应用研究

在回顾中国城市地价评估研究进展及其存在问题的基础上,提出城市地价变化动态监测的重要性,结合杭州市城市基准地价更新评估研究,应用GIS技术,建立了以标准宗地为载体,以城市发展规划和建设变化信息为依据,以地价水平及其影响因素关系模型为核心的城市地价变化动态监测信息系统,试验应用研究表明:基于GIS城市地价动态监测信息系统的建立为城市地价变化信息的正确判断、政府出让土地价格水平的确定以及地产市场的宏观调控提供了一种有效的技术工具。     

ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND MODELS OF CREDIT RATIONING

This paper outlines the development and exposits some of the central ideas and implications of asymmetric information in the credit market.     

和谐旅游的价值、构建及其实现

构建和谐旅游不仅是旅游业持续健康快速发展的要求,也是建设社会主义和谐社会的重要基础。文章分析了构建和谐旅游的意义、价值以及可行性和限制因素,在此基础上提出了框架体系,并从和谐旅游模式的创建、诚信旅游的构建、区域旅游的合作、"三农"旅游的开发、和谐旅游研究等方面探讨了和谐旅游的实现。     

民营企业的崛起与劳动价值论的深化

江泽民同志指出:我们应结合新的实际,深化对社会主义社会劳动和劳动价值理论的研究和认识。这不仅为深化对劳动和劳动价值理论的研究和认识,阐明了重要性和必要性,而且为对深化研究和认识指明了方向。历史证明:在不同的社会形态中,不同的经济体制下,准确界定劳动的性质,恰当估量劳动在价值创造中的作用,是马克思主义政治经济学的一个基本问题,是清醒认识社会经济关系和正确处理分配关系的理论基础。笔者试从民营企业的视角,谈一些粗浅认识。民企业主对马克思劳动价值论的直觉感悟众多民营企业创始人是由多方人士构成的新群体、新阶层。他们…     

极端天气事件导致基础设施破坏间接经济损失评估

极端天气事件造成的经济损失包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失.间接经济损失是衡量现代经济系统脆弱性的重要指标,也是灾后恢复重建的重要参考依据,加强间接经济损失评估具有十分重要的意义.以2008年中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害为例,应用非正常投入产出模型对灾害过程中电力和交通基础设施破坏造成的间接经济损失进行了评估.结果显示,电力、交通等基础设施破坏对经济系统其他产业生产造成严重影响,影响依据相互关联程度不同而存在差别,造成总的间接经济损失超过100多亿元.因此,极端天气事件风险分析和应急管理应该把间接经济损失评估纳入其中.非正常投入产出模型为经济系统脆弱性分析以及间接经济损失的估算提供了有力的工具.     

“福建土楼”的旅游价值及其保护

福建土楼,作为人类走出穴居后居住建筑的三大代表形式之一,以历史悠久、造型独特、规模宏大、结构奇巧、功能齐全、内涵丰富而著称于世,被誉为客家文化的象征、东方古代文明璀璨的明珠、世界民居建筑的奇葩和一部读不完的百科全书。它既是一种"活着"的文化,更是一种不可多得的旅游资源。它是中国传统文化在特定区域的展现,体现了人与自然的和谐统一。文章从福建土楼的形成和发展过程入手,从人与自然协调发展的角度出发,提出了土楼的文化、艺术和旅游价值等,为土楼入选"世遗"后的开发和保护提供借鉴。     

信息产业的区位因素分析

本文以当今席卷全球的信息革命、经济全球化和新国际分工为背景，从传统区位理论在解释信息产业区位时所面临的问题入手，分析了影响信息产业区位的主要因素。     

基于GIS系统的旅游区研究--以武功山风景旅游区为例

以江西省安福县武功山风景旅游区为例,探讨了基于GIS技术的旅游景区信息系统实现的技术路线、组成、结构。通过对研究区定性和定量研究,在MapInfo软件支持下,以VB、MapBaic和MapX控件相结合,研制景区旅游管理信息系统。通过该系统可对武功山风景区旅游资源进行查询、统计、分析,并提供各景点之间最短路径计算及相应的图文资料。     

信息时代区位论发展的新趋势

信息技术已经渗透到国民经济及社会的各个方面,导致现代社会生产方式和生活方式由传统模式向以信息技术支撑的网络化模式转变,这种信息化过程促进了各学科理论和实践的发展,作为研究人类活动空间场所选择及其空间组织优化的理论区位论也不例外。文章从区位因子、区位选择范围、行为区位理论、知识区位论、中心地理论等方面,分析了区位论发展的新动向,认为区位论正向区位因子软化、选择范围全球化、区位主体现实化、产业区位以信息知识产业为主以及中心地理论虚拟化的方向发展。     

THE VALUE OF CLEANER AIR: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

Policymakers in the legislative and regulatory arenas face increasing public expectations that authorities will both promulgate and implement strict environmental programs. At the same time, the aggregate cost of such programs is rising and is impacting economic sectors previously untouched. In this context, a major study used an integrated interdisciplinary perspective to determine what economic benefits would result from air pollution controls. Specifically, the study developed estimates for the health benefits of reducing ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations in the nation's most polluted region—the South Coast Air Basin centering on Los Angeles. This paper presents the economic methodologies and results of that study. It also discusses how health and atmospheric sciences informed the economic assessment.     

THE VALUE OF HOUSEHOLD SERVICES: A SURVEY OF EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES*

This paper surveys the various estimates that have been made of the value of household services, summarizing the methods used and comparing the statistical results. It concludes that there is wide variability in the results obtained, much of which can be attributed to the differing methods. The highest values are obtained with methods based upon the opportunity cost of women in paid employment, lower with methods based upon the cost of a single housekeeper, and lowest with methods based upon pricing individual services performed. On the basis of time use studies, three factors are found to affect very strongly the value of services performed: family size, wife's market-work status, and age of youngest child. The value of total household services should include not only the wife's contribution, but also that of the husband and children, which may amount to as much as a third of the total. The increasing burden of more children, however, appears to fall mainly on the wife, with some relief from older children; the amount of time spent by husbands appears relatively invariant to number of children or work status of the wife.     

论旅游城市总体形象与综合环境的资源价值

城市总体形象与综合环境已成为一对重要的旅游资源,它体现了一个城市的活力及由此形成的旅游综合吸引力。文章从城市总体形象和综合环境这两个概念分析入手,以杭州为例,阐述了城市总体形象和综合环境对旅游城市发展的贡献,并提出了塑造城市形象、优化城市综合环境的途径。     

THE VALUE OF CLEANER AIR: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

Policymakers in the legislative and regulatory arenas face increasing public expectations that authorities will both promulgate and implement strict environmental programs. At the same time, the aggregate cost of such programs is rising and is impacting economic sectors previously untouched. In this context, a major study used an integrated interdisciplinary perspective to determine what economic benefits would result from air pollution controls. Specifically, the study developed estimates for the health benefits of reducing ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations in the nation's most polluted region—the South Coast Air Basin centering on Los Angeles. This paper presents the economic methodologies and results of that study. It also discusses how health and atmospheric sciences informed the economic assessment.