The Services Sector as a Driver of Change: Indonesia’s Experience in the ASEAN Context

By various performance indicators, the Indonesian services sector ranks below those of its main ASEAN neighbours. This is concerning for Indonesia, given the the increased attention worldwide on the services sector as a likely source of growth, the contribution of the services sector to the competitiveness of other sectors, and the opportunities available for capturing the gains from innovation and change in services. There is scope, we argue, to increase the number of formal jobs in the sector and to dispel its reputation as the employer of last resort. We find that a restrictive policy regime contributes to the sector’s poor performance, leading to an argument for reform. We discuss a potential strategy for such reform, focusing on four factors: increasing transparency and policy information; capturing the opportunities from international commitments; and exploring the potential of, one, new technology, and, two, urbanisation.     

From Worldwide Capital Mobility to International Financial Integration: A Review Essay

To be useful to economists, the definition of worldwide financial integration must refer to its welfare-relevant functions or consequences. What ultimately matters is its contribution to the equalization of current and intertemporal trading opportunities, represented by the cost of financial services, at maximum efficiency levels. Analyzing imperfect financial integration implies identifying the obstacles that prevent such equalization, with a lack of perfect capital mobility being only one of the possible impediments. Focusing on how to achieve international equalization, at least cost, of a broad range of financial services is a necessary change for a literature that has tended to rely on single stock, flow, or price correlations to gauge the degree of financial integration, without viewing it as a continuing microeconomic task with many facets.     

Spillovers from foreign direct investment in services: Evidence at sub-sectoral level for the Asia-Pacific

We take a sectoral level approach to analyzing the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. We disaggregate FDI first by manufacturing versus services, then within services by financial services, trade services, and business services. We consider the effects of FDI inflows on growth of GDP per capita, then distinguish between growth in manufacturing and services value added per capita. Our data sample comprises 14 Asia Pacific economies for the period 1985–2012 to which we apply a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation technique. Services FDI as a whole is found to have a significantly positive impact on GDP growth while manufacturing FDI is found to have no effect. The impetus for growth from services FDI traces to financial services in particular, acting not only directly on service sector output but through manufacturing sector output as well. By contrast, trade services FDI is found to have a significantly negative effect on manufacturing output with no significant effect on services output. Foreign participation in trade services may act to expose domestic manufacturers to international competition and may also lead to domestic consolidation to take advantage of economies of scale.     

金融公共服务与农村信贷市场“使命漂移”的政策纠偏——基于门槛效应的理论与证据

农村金融市场借贷双向信息不对称导致的"使命漂移"及衍生的锚定效应,使贫困农户长期遭遇正规部门的金融排斥。基于社会公平考虑,政府可通过信息公共服务的"扶持之手"来弥补信贷市场失灵,使贫困农户得以跨越"门槛效应"而参与金融市场,促进金融普惠。使用农户问卷数据进行的实证研究结果表明：在"银行（贷）→农户（借）"层面,基于信息不对称的公共服务能降低信息门槛,使金融产品更好地服务于贫困农户;在"农户（借）→银行（贷）"层面,基于自我认知的公共信息服务,有利于诱导农户参与正规金融市场。综合效果是：公共金融服务可以降低财富（收入）水平的门槛要求、纠偏使命漂移,从而使金融产品能更好地瞄准于贫困农户而不是被误置于富裕农户。     

中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力分析——基于BOP和FATS统计的分析

本文选择了中国等18个经济体,对跨境交付和商业存在两种模式下中国金融服务贸易的国际竞争力进行了比较分析,主要结论是:1.关于跨境交付的金融服务贸易,中国的竞争力非常差,处于18个经济体的最后一名;2.关于商业存在模式下的金融服务贸易,不论是与东亚经济体相比,还是与"金砖四国"的其他成员相比,中国的金融业都具备了较强的竞争力,但与发达经济体相比,还存在不小差距。最后,根据实证分析的结论,提出了提升中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力的对策。     

中国高等教育服务贸易逆差的探讨

随着我国教育服务贸易的发展,教育服务贸易在我国服务贸易中占据了重要地位。自我国开放国际教育服务贸易以来,特别是2008年美国金融危机后,我国高等教育服务贸易逆差逐步增大。本文通过对我国高等教育服务贸易现状的分析,归纳出我国高等教育服务贸易逆差的表现形式,阐释了我国高等教育服务贸易逆差形成的基本原因,最后提出改善我国国际教育服务贸易逆差的对策建议。     

我国现阶段基本公共服务均等化的问题及对策探究

基本公共服务均等化总体实现,是我国全面建成小康社会战略目标的重要内容。但我国现阶段基本公共服务不均等现象严峻,主要表现为供给总量不足,与国际差距较大;地区间不均等,四大区域差距大;城乡间不均等,农村地区基本公共服务水平低;群体间不均等,农民工基本公共服务水平低。究其原因,主要有城乡二元结构体制、事权财权不合理、财政转移支付制度不完善等。为逐步实现基本公共服务均等化,应采取统筹城乡发展、匹配事权财权、完善财政转移支付制度等对策。     

中国服务贸易国际地位与竞争力比较

国际服务贸易的发展呈现出新的特征:服务可贸易性大大提高,技术知识密集性服务贸易发展很快,发展中国家在服务贸易中的地位在上升,服务贸易壁垒更加隐蔽化。中国的服务贸易虽然在改革开放后有了较大发展,但国际竞争力仍然较低。主要体现在:服务贸易开放度不高;年增长率较高但相当一部分靠进口维持;国际占有率不高;技术、知识型服务偏低。中国服务贸易的显示比较优势指数不仅低于发达国家,甚至与一些发展中国家也有差距。     

农村金融服务创新模式探讨

本文阐述了创新和加强农村金融服务的重要意义,分析了当前农村金融服务的现状及存在的主要问题,提出了创新农村金融服务模式对策举措。     

Financial Openness and Macroeconomic Instability in Emerging Market Economies

This paper shows how the macroeconomic instability that affects more financially open emerging economies can be explained in terms of imperfect international financial integration. The analytic tool used is a stochastic dynamic equilibrium model. The model, based on a small open economy, is calibrated to Malaysia. International financial relations are characterized by the presence of a borrowing constraint, that amplifies the volatility of exogenous shocks. Impulse response and simulation analyses are conducted. Main result is that, in presence of international financial frictions, greater access to international liquidity can cause high short-run macroeconomic instability.     

The west and China: globalisation and competition in financial services

This paper examines the evolution of the industrial structure of global financial firms since the 1970s, during which time, free market policies dominated theoretical and practical policy discussion. It examines the logic behind and evidence on consolidation in the international financial services industry. It analyses the impact of Washington Consensus policies upon the expansion of global banks in developing and transition economies. It contrasts the evolution of the international banking structure during the era of modern globalisation with that in China, which has followed a fundamentally different path. Although Chinese banks have large profits and market capitalisation, their international competitiveness is still limited. Global banks have only a small role in the Chinese economy and Chinese banks have a small role in the international economy. The contrast between the two systems is of central importance for the way in which competition and regulation develops in the global financial sector.     

关于安徽金融业发展的思考

金融服务业主要包括银行业、证券业和保险业，现代金融服务业发展的层次和水平直接影响着经济发展的速度和效率。近年来安徽金融业发展速度较快、质量较好，但也存在不足，如对发展金融业重要性认识不够，金融业规模不大、实力不强，金融结构不合理、比例明显失调，针对中小企业和“三农”的金融服务不足，风险投资业发展滞后。文章在此基础上提出了促进安徽金融服务业发展的建议。应树立金融强省的理念，建立多层次的现代金融体系，加强资本市场建设，加快保险业的发展，加大政策支持力度，加快金融开放和创新步伐。     

PAC Contributions from Sectors of the Financial Services Industry, 1998–2002

This paper explores the relationship between House committee membership and campaign contributions from financial services industry political action committees (PACs) over the 1998–2002 election periods. Three significant pieces of banking legislation were passed during this time. Because members of the financial services industry were affected greatly by this legislation, it seems logical that PACs might attempt to influence the legislative process through the distribution of campaign contributions. We examine the relationship between PAC contributions to individual legislators for the 1998–2002 election cycle and membership on the House banking committee using a sample selection model. We find committee membership matters and the different financial services industry PACs give disproportionately more to representatives with the power to write legislation favorable to the industry. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the October 2007 International Atlantic Economic Conference.     

云南省服务贸易发展探析——基于《中国-东盟服务贸易协议》视角的分析

后金融危机时代,服务贸易的发展将成为推动全球经济增长的重要动力。国际市场竞争核心将从货物贸易转向服务贸易。云南省服务贸易起步较晚,近几年虽增长迅速,但是规模远远落后于服务贸易发达省市,结构也不尽合理。《中国-东盟服务贸易协议》的实施为云南省服务贸易发展搭建了一个更高的平台。云南省应抓住机遇,深度挖掘优势产业,重点培育潜力产业,特别关注新兴产业,通过政府、行业协会、企业三方的共同努力提升云南省服务贸易竞争力。     

依托霍尔果斯国际边境合作中心推进中哈区域金融合作问题探讨

中哈霍尔果斯国际边境合作中心的主要功能是贸易洽谈、商品展示和销售、金融服务、仓储运输、宾馆饭店、商业服务设施和举办各类区域性国际经贸洽谈会。本文阐述了霍尔果斯国际边境合作中心给中哈金融合作带来的机遇,以及对金融服务的要求,在此基础上分析了目前中哈金融合作中存在的主要问题,并提出了政策建议。     

北京应大力发展生产者服务业

近十几年来,生产者服务业成了世界经济中增幅最快的行业。北京发展经济应利用好首都优势资源,同时,要坚持国家首都、国际城市、文化名城、宜居城市的功能定位。本文从北京的特有功能定位、提升北京城市功能和促进北京的城市国际化进程三方面分析,认为北京应当大力发展生产者服务业。从北京生产者服务业有良好的基础,北京具有发展生产者服务业的资源优势,总部经济的发展极大地促进北京生产者服务业集群发展三方面分析,认为北京大力发展生产者服务业具有可行性。     

The financial systems approach to development finance: Origin,evolution and prospects

This article focuses on the prospects of the financial systems approach to development finance to ensure sustainable access to financial services for microentrepreneurs. It discusses three prerequisites for the success of this approach: the continued application of financial liberalisation policies; the delivery of financial services on a commercially viable basis by emulating the successes of informal financial intermediaries in solving the problems normally experienced by the formal financial sector when serving microentrepreneurs; and the continued appropriate support from governments and the donor community. It is postulated that these prerequisites will be fulfilled, making the author cautiously optimistic that the financial systems approach to development finance will succeed in securing sustainable access to financial services for microentrepreneurs in the 21st century.     

Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been adopted in the pursuit of liberalization. The paper argues that technological progress and international trade negotiations are likely to keep liberalization of trade in services a high profile policy issue. It also suggests that the research agenda should focus on developing better estimates of the welfare costs of protectionism in the service sector.     

进一步完善服务贸易统计体系研究——以浙江省宁波市为例

完善服务贸易统计体系,做好国际服务贸易统计工作,为服务贸易的发展提供咨询、监督、预警和指导,是大力发展服务贸易所必须解决的一项基础性课题。由于服务贸易统计体系涉及部门较多,情况分散复杂,在推动和发展服务贸易的过程中尚未形成一个整体协调的有效工作体制,建立并完善宁波市服务贸易统计体系的步伐比较缓慢。文章认为,完善宁波服务贸易统计体系必须改善国际收支申报的细节工作,优化服务贸易申报过程;改进统计方法——大力提倡抽样调查法收集统计数据;确立有效的服务贸易统计主体;加快宁波服务贸易统计的制度化、信息化和科学化建设。     

The WTO Doha Agenda—Progress and Issues for Asia Pacific Developing Economies

Progress in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations has been slow. Frameworks for establishing modalities for agriculture, non-agricultural market access and trade facilitation were agreed upon in July 2004 but key details are still to be negotiated and many commitments remain vague. For developing economies in the Asia Pacific region, the July package contains many potentially positive elements, including a commitment to remove all forms of agricultural export subsidies and a framework for reducing domestic supports and market access restrictions. However, most of the difficult issues are still to be addressed. Already it is apparent the agreements and commitments will be complex, full of exceptions (especially for developing countries due to their insistence on economically damaging forms of special and differential treatment) and difficult to interpret. This will serve to enable all governments to fudge commitments and to undermine the transparency of the multilateral trading system. Latest developments are not encouraging. Critical target dates set in the July package in preparation for the December Hong Kong Ministerial Conference were missed due to negotiations lagging in all key areas. Without a successful outcome in Hong Kong, it is unlikely the Doha Round will be completed by the current deadline of 2007.