Do Existence Values for Cost Benefit Analysis Exist?

The use of the contingent valuation method to generate estimates of existence value for input to cost benefit analysis requires that individuals have utility functions defined over the relevant arguments. The validity of the assumption that the required utility functions generally exist has been questioned. It has been argued that some individuals will respond on the basis of lexicographic preference orderings. It has also been argued that some individuals do not consider that market, or individual willingness to pay, criteria are appropriate where existence value type issues are at stake. The paper considers survey evidence bearing upon these arguments. It is concluded that the evidence is consistent with the view that it is incorrect to proceed on the assumption that individuals generally satisfy the assumptions required for the existence of existence values for use in cost benefit analysis.     

森林生态服务价值评价研究有关问题的探讨

研究生态系统服务及其经济价值评价的理论与方法，已成为当前国内外可持续发展评估研究的焦点和重要内容。本文分析了森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的意义．论述了近年来国内外森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的进展，指出了其中存在的主要问题．并在此基础上探讨了森林生态系统服务功能价值评价研究的方向与重点，以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

Household Versus Individual Valuation: What’s the Difference?

Standard practice in stated preference typically blurs the distinction between household and individual responses, but without a clear theoretical or empirical justification for this approach. To date there have been no empirical tests of whether values for say a two adult household elicited by interviewing one randomly selected adult are the same as the values generated by interviewing both adults simultaneously. Using cohabiting couples, we conduct a choice experiment field study valuing reductions in dietary health risks. In one treatment a random individual is chosen from the couple and interviewed alone; in the other treatment, both partners are questioned jointly. We find significant differences in household values calculated from joint as opposed to individual responses, with further variation between the values elicited from men and women. Our results question the assumption, implicit in common practice, that differences between individually and jointly elicited estimates of household values can effectively be ignored.      

滨海湿地生态系统服务及其价值评估——以胶州湾为例

选择胶州湾湿地作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务的类型并评估了各类生态系统服务价值。结果表明:2009年胶州湾湿地生态系统服务总价值为152.71×107元。其中,食品生产占56.57%,这表明胶州湾湿地物质产品供给占重要地位。其次调节功能占36.12%,在胶州湾湿地生态系统中也发挥重要作用。研究只对胶州湾湿地主要生态系统服务开展了评估,因此仅为一个保守估计。     

科学发展观的生态价值诠释

生态价值观是在全球性的环境保护运动和生态伦理学的基础上产生和发展起来的,在各方面引起了深刻的影响。要实现可持续发展,必须树立科学的生态价值观,即在人与自然的关系上,坚持以人为本,在全面、协调、可持续的基础上,处理好生态环境与人类生存、发展之间的关系。     

中国生态资源破坏的经济损失：1985年与1993年

本文较为明确地界定了有关生态资源破坏的经济损失计量的概念与方法,重估了1985年中国典型生态区及其它地区生态破坏的经济损失,估计了1993年中国全国生态破坏的经济损失。     

江西林业及其三次产业对全省生态文明贡献率的测度实证研究

科学测度林业及其三次产业对生态文明的贡献率,既有利于管理者掌握林业对生态文明作用影响的客观规律,又有利于管理者有效制定林业助推生态文明建设的对策建议。以江西为例,基于共生理论,利用2007—2019年数据,首先构建PSIR-SEM模型确定生态文明指标及其权重;然后采用Lotka-Volterra模型的"指标—指数"耦合法,通过指标及其权重测得阈值与绿值,依次对生态文明阶段与水平进行判定;再以生态文明水平为因变量,以农业、林业及其三次产业、畜牧业等十大产业发展水平为自变量,构建双对数模型估计林业及其三次产业对生态文明作用的回归系数;最后通过"归一化"算法由回归系数测度江西林业及其三次产业对生态文明的贡献率。结果显示:(1)2007—2019年,江西林业对全省生态文明的贡献率逐年递增且在所有产业中最大,江西林业在助推全省生态文明建设中发挥着极其重要的主体作用;(2)江西林业三次产业对全省生态文明的贡献呈现"结构微笑曲线",林业一产、三产、二产贡献率依次降低,但林业三产贡献率增长幅度最大,在林业产业中占据主导地位。     

An Operative Framework for Total Hicksian Income Measurement: Application to a Multiple-Use Forest

A methodology for estimating total hicksian income in multiple-use forests is presented. The approach consistently incorporates commercial as well as non-commercial economic values and enables the measurement of national accounting aggregates taking into account variation in man-made and natural capital. Innovative solutions are developed (i) for the estimation of non-market values, such as recreation, where an attempt to determine exchange values has been made simulating markets, (ii) for timber, where standing timber valuation methods have been extended to cover uneven stands, and (iii) for carbon fixation valuation, where only permanently fixed carbon after 1990 has been taken into account. The methodology is applied to a multiple-use pinewood in the Guadarrama mountains, near Madrid (Spain). Timber, cattle grazing, hunting, recreation, carbon fixation and conservation values are measured and integrated in the accounting system, using primary microeconomic data from the case study. Results indicate the importance of non-commercial income, which accounts for 51% of the total income, and the social relevance of the analysed forest, implying that only 31% of the total income generated is appropriated by the forest owner.     

庆阳市农村中小学校布局调整现状及对策研究

自2002年农村税费改革以来,庆阳市作为甘肃省首批农村学校撤并对象,按照省统一部署,大力调整农村教育布局。经过了近十年学校布局调整,在减轻财政压力,提高中心办学的规模效应等方面确实取得了显著成果。但因中小学校布局调整受地理环境、经济条件、文化环境以及学校管理等多方面因素的影响。调整后的农村学校存在巨型学校,辍学率增加,寄宿制学校管理不当等问题急需解决。     

“两型社会”视域下和谐生态价值观的构建

两型社会是在中国经济社会发展遭遇重大＂瓶颈＂的背景下提出来的。在社会发展目标上,具有不同于以往的价值追求,从经济、政治、文化、社会等多层面构建和谐生态价值观是实现两型社会价值诉求的关键。     

Optimal auction with resale—a characterization of the conditions

Zheng has proposed a seller-optimal auction for (asymmetric) independent-private-value environments where inter-bidder resale is possible. Zheng’s construction requires novel assumptions—Resale Monotonicity, Transitivity, and Invariance—on the bidders’ value distribution profile. The only known examples of distribution profiles satisfying these assumptions in environments with three or more bidders are uniform distributions. Using inverse virtual valuation functions as a novel tool, we characterize the set of distribution profiles satisfying Zheng’s assumptions. Our characterization result shows that the assumptions, while being strong, are satisfied by many non-uniform distribution profiles. Hence, Zheng’s result applies more generally than one may have thought before. A crucial step in our analysis is to show that Invariance implies Resale Monotonicity and Transitivity.     

浅论滨海红树林湿地的生态功能——以泉州湾为例

红树林湿地主要分布于热带、亚热带淤泥质海岸或河口区潮间带,其在维护海岸生态平衡方面有独特的作用,但是,由于滨海地区城市化、工业化、农业生产等影响,红树林湿地发生明显变化,红树林结构和功能明显退化。本文以泉州湾为例,分析红树林湿地生态功能、影响因子,并提出开发与保护红树林湿地生态功能的若干措施。     

洞庭湖湿地景观结构与生态工程模式研究

在碟形盆地圈带状景观结构控制下,洞庭湖区形成了以浅水湿地、过水湿地和渍水湿地为主的我国最大的湖泊地区湿地景观。由于不合理的开发活动,近年来出现了湿地面积减少、生态功能衰退、资源过度利用与闲置并存等问题。为了合理开发湿地资源,必须强化湿地综合管理,稳定湿地面积,建设复合高效湿地生态系统。     

论莎士比亚戏剧作品《威尼斯商人》的生态主义价值观

《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚喜剧作品中最具代表性之一,它反映了主人公夏洛克的内心世界的变化,在剧中虽系反面人物,但当他受到种族歧视和宗教压迫的时候,莎士比亚对他也寄予了同情。并且在描写情景和人物性格表现出莎士比亚的生态主义价值观。因此,通过分析莎士比亚喜剧作品《威尼斯商人》中的具体场景,深刻挖掘出莎士比亚作品中所体现出的生态主义价值观,为英国文学作品理论研究提供参考。     

The Effect of Respondent Experience/Knowledge in the Elicitation of Contingent Values: An Investigation of Convergent Validity,Procedural Invariance and Reliability

Tests of convergent validity and procedural invariance were used to investigate whether individuals lacking direct experience with a commodity can provide valid responses to contingent-valuation questions eliciting ex post use values. Convergent validity between samples with and without experience was shown to hold for dichotomous-choice responses, but not for open-ended responses.     

长江流域湿地生态系统研究的意义和重点

长江流域是我国21世纪重点开放开发地区。长江流域生态环境是一个复杂的巨系统,并呈现恶化的趋势,而湿地生态系统是流域生态系统中极为重要的子系统,该子系统受到干扰和破坏,必将危及整个流域的生态平衡和生态安全。作者提出了研究长江流域生态系统的科学意义以及今后研究的重点。     

Are There Income Effects on Global Willingness to Pay for Biodiversity Conservation?

This paper is concerned with the empirical relationship between biodiversity conservation values and income. We use random effects panel models to examine the effects of income, and then GDP per capita, on willingness to pay for habitat and biodiversity conservation. In a meta-analysis, 145 Willingness To Pay estimates for biodiversity conservation where existence value plays a major role were collected from 46 contingent valuation studies across six continents. Other effects included in the meta-analysis were the study year; habitat type; continent; scope as presented to respondents; whether WTP bids were for preventing a deterioration or gaining an improvement in conservation, whether a specific species or specific habitat was protected; whether the questionnaire used a dichotomous choice or an open-ended format; distribution format; and the choice of payment vehicle. GDP per capita seemed to perform as well as an explanatory variable as respondent’s mean stated income, indicating that it is wealth in society as a whole which determines variations in WTP. Even if large variation, our main conclusion is, that the demand for biodiversity conservation rises with a nation’s wealth, but the income elasticity of willingness to pay is less than one.     

新疆湿地生态系统保护法律研究

湿地是一种特殊类型的土地资源,是地球上水域和陆地间过渡的生态系统,具有极高的经济价值、生态价值和社会价值,因此越来越受到人们的重视。当前在对新疆湿地保护中存在的首要问题就是湿地保护法律法规不健全、不完善。因此要从充分考虑新疆特殊资源环境与经济发展的实际情况出发,加快完善新疆湿地保护立法,有针对性地提出湿地保护法律细则,做到有的放矢。