Unravelling the design process of business models from linear to circular: An empirical investigation

In the last years, circular economy has represented one of the most-debated topics in management research. Although the understanding of this industrial paradigm has significantly improved over the last decade, a number of important research questions still remain unanswered. Among them, the design process of business model through which established firms evolve from being linear to circular deserves further investigation. Existing research still falls short to investigate how companies design the dimensions of value creation, value transfer, and value capture of their business models to launch circular products into the market. By leveraging a multiple case study analysis of four companies in the paper and beverage industries that have launched six circular products, the paper examines the process that these companies have followed to face the transition toward a circular business model. The paper contributes to the research field in the intersection between new product development and circular business models, by showing that the process toward a circular business model occurs along three major phases, that is, idea generation, product development, and commercialization. In each phase, companies implement peculiar managerial practices for launching circular products into the market, which typically address all the dimensions of the business model and follows a recurrent path over time.     

水产品批发市场物流标准化管理的探讨

水产品批发市场已经成为我国水产品流通的载体,为开展水产品批发分销业务提供了一个很好的物流平台.物流标准化是提高水产品物流运作效率的一项重要基础工作,它可使水产品顺畅地从供应商流动到批发市场,最终到达消费者手中.市场未来发展要加强标准化意识,提倡和宣传标准化管理,做好相关方面的管理工作.     

Luxury products for the circular economy? A case study of Bang & Olufsen

This paper examines whether luxury products can support a circular economy. This is done through a literature review of luxury products and the links to circular economy, as well as a case study of Bang & Olufsen (B&O). The literature review revealed links between some of the core characteristics of luxury products and the circular economy. This included aspects such as the high quality, durability, service schemes, extended warranties, and large aftermarkets. The case study supports the links between the inner circles in the circular economy (maintenance, repair, and reuse) and some of the core characteristics of luxury products. B&O produces products with a long lifespan, has extended warranties, repair and service schemes, spare part availability for 8 years, an aftermarket, and leasing schemes. B&O also does reconditioning of components for its repair loop, conducts dismantling tests, marks plastic parts, and has a negative list that excludes certain hazardous components.     

基于循环经济理论的我国商务旅游发展研究

商务旅游市场是旅游市场中发展最快的一部分,有着巨大的利润发展空间。虽然商务旅游市场是一个新兴市场,但其发展规模、经济效益和社会影响却不容忽视。伴随着世界范围内商务旅游业的快速发展,旅游经营者高强度地开发旅游资源,对旅游资源造成了巨大的破坏,从而导致了环境污染和旅游资源的不可持续利用。如何解决旅游业发展和环境保护之间的矛盾,实现旅游业的可持续发展,已成为一项世界性课题。文中将循环经济理论引入到商务旅游领域,试图探索出一种循环型商务旅游新模式,以期提高旅游资源的效率,减轻旅游资源负荷,促进商务旅游可持续发展。     

循环经济:生态文明的基本经济形态

循环经济是一种经济形态而非循环技术,是为解决无限的人类欲望与有限的资源环境矛盾的基本经济活动;循环经济是对市场经济的兼容而非取代,因为市场经济存在循环经济成长的基因,是市场经济发展的更高阶段;循环经济可以孕育出生态文明,后工业文明的经济形态既不是自给自足经济,也不是计划经济;与低碳经济、绿色经济、生态经济、可持续发展经济相比,循环经济立意高远、简单明了、系统全面、指向明确、包容性强,是生态文明的基本经济形态。     

How to innovate business models for a circular bio-economy?

Shifting from a linear to a circular bio-economy requires new business models. The objective was getting insights into the uncharted research field of business model innovation for a circular and sustainable bio-economy within the agrifood sector. Eight European cases valorising agricultural waste and by-products by closing loops or cascading were studied regarding their innovation drivers and elements, via interviews, on-site visits and secondary data. In this domain, the findings highlight that business model innovations are depending on the (i) macro-environmental institutional-legal conditions and market trends, (ii) driven by internal economic, environmental and/or social objectives, but especially strongly linked to (iii) other actors often from different sectors seeking synergies and (iv) value co-creation via combined organisational and technological innovations. Business models for a circular bio-economy thus depend on various action levels and need radical combined organisational and technological innovations for a most efficient usage of agricultural waste and by-products. This also means new business configurations instead of linear innovation strategies currently still being dominant due to economic viability.     

Sustainable development and circular economy: The role of institutional promotion on circular consumption and market competitiveness from a multistakeholder engagement approach

The transition from a linear economy to a circular economy (CE) is a real challenge to achieve long‐term sustainability. To push CE in the market, institutional promotion could become a key driver to positively impact both circular consumption and the competitiveness of the market. This paper analyzes the influence that soft and hard initiatives have on circular consumption and market competitiveness. Based on a survey of 1,281 respondents from different types of stakeholders, structural equations modeling statistical analysis was run. Results show that soft initiatives support the achievement of both objectives, whereas hard ones only influence greater circular consumption. However, the perception of the different stakeholders considered is very heterogeneous. It is indicative that not all institutional promotion initiatives are effective. Thus, institutions should guide, in an adequate and differentiated manner, their efforts to promote CE and sustainable development depending on the stakeholder they are targeting.     

Remanufacturing for the Circular Economy: An Examination of Consumer Switching Behavior

For the circular economy to be tenable, consumers need to not only return products after use, but also purchase products that are remanufactured. However, research finds that consumers have a poor opinion of remanufactured products and are typically not prepared to adopt them. Thus, development of the circular economy is dependent upon deeper understanding of consumers’ attitudes and behaviors. Research typically considers either micro‐level or macro‐level factors when assessing consumer perceptions of remanufactured products. The current research incorporates macro‐level factors of price, government incentives and environmental benefits with the moderating influence of micro‐level consumer attitudes to examine consumers’ intention to switch from purchasing new products to remanufactured products. The findings suggest that a consumer's attitude toward remanufactured products is an important moderating factor predicting consumer switching behavior to remanufactured products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

我国农产品流通体系建设的现状、问题和新思路

当前，农业进一步发展的主要矛盾已经从生产领域转向市场流通领域：国内农产品市场面临进一步开放的严峻挑战，农户小生产与流通大市场的矛盾将更加突出。在此背景下，本文分析了我国农产品流通体系的基本现状和存在的主要问题，并在此基础上提出了建设我国农产品流通体系的新思路。     

Advertising and Coordination in Markets with Consumption Scale Effects

Many advertised products are established and have little quality variation. For these products advertising signaling explanations are unconvincing. We develop a coordination model of advertising with consumers observing ads probabilistically and never observing advertising levels. Consumers who fail to see an ad for a product believe it will likely have low sales and so be of low value. Firms advertise to avoid these beliefs. The model's predictions on advertising, market share, and profitability are consistent with observed outcomes. The model produces the time series behavior for prices and market share observed in the data and not available from existing coordination models.     

How can firms access bank finance for circular business model innovation?

Access to bank finance has emerged as a key challenge for firms engaged in circular business model innovation (circular BMI), both in practice and in the academic literature. Through interviews, focus groups and archival documents, we document the experience of firms accessing finance for circular BMI and assess bank willingness to lend to firms that engage in circular BMI. Our findings offer potential strategies for firms who look for external (bank) finance to realise circular BMI. Using a case study-based theory-refining approach, we identify three core strategies that firms can use to obtain bank finance for circular BMI. First, firms can signal future cash flow expectations by aiming to secure customer contracts and preorders. Second, relationship building with banks, suppliers and customers improves the banks' risk perception of firms. Third, firms can design standardised, long-lasting circular assets that can serve as bank collateral, especially once secondary markets develop, overcoming the difficulty of lending based on innovative, firm-specific assets.     

Innovation and pricing in the Dutch drug industry

The Dutch pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a high degree of innovative rivalry resulting in frequent rises and falls in market shares by both firms and products. Conventional concentration ratios, Herfindahl indices and market share stability measures are not highly correlated. The market, however, does display price sensitivity. Elasticity of demand for new products is inversely related to their incremental quality and directly related to their age.     

基于政府补贴分析的新能源战略博弈模型研究

企业在新能源战略中如果不发展新能源战略带来的成本节约率ε1越高,其边际成本C1越低,新能源产品和传统产品的价格差异越大。随着消费者对每个环境满意度愿意支付的K值的增加,两个厂商的产品价格都会增加,也就是说,随着消费者环保意识的增加,环境满意度支付意愿也会增加,这样的结果不仅仅是生产新能源的厂商2受益,厂商1也会受益;政府提高市场最低绿色程度准入标准,低绿色程度的传统产品和新能源产品的价格都会增加。政府设定的市场最低绿色准入标准会对两个厂商的市场份额有影响。     

开发性金融对我国循环经济的金融支持研究—以汨罗循环经济为例

结合汨罗的循环经济研究开发性金融对循环经济的金融支持问题,在深入分析其开展循环经济所建立的一套融资模式与原则后,进一步阐明开发性金融的作用机制。最后得出我国要开展循环经济就必须坚持以地方政府为依托、市场为导向,同时也必须建立起一套专门的信贷支持模式的结论。     

建筑循环物流系统模型研究-以工程土方为例

基于建筑产品在生产与生活中的重要地位和当前我国建设项目施工阶段环境效益低、经济效益差等问题，有必要构建适合中国国情的、有效促进建设项目施工阶段资源循环的建筑循环物流系统。综合运用工程管理、物质循环理论及方法，以建筑循环物流系统运营成本最低为目标，建立建筑循环物流系统模型，并以北京市为背景，构造工程土方的循环物流系统，运用Lingo软件进行求解以验证模型的有效性。     

竞争视角下市场占有均衡：理论模型与现实解释

市场占有行为是经济主体的理性行为,市场占有的实现方式有市场竞争与政策约束。文章构建市场占有均衡模型,指出经济主体基于自身的市场占有偏好进行市场占有,并根据市场收益的增减或发展目标的重新设计分别对市场占有偏好进行自发性纠正、战略性纠正,从而形成新的市场占有均衡。市场占有均衡因对手的竞争反应的差异而表现出不同的均衡状态。基于市场占有均衡模型,文章以新的角度审视了公共产品供给不足、厂商恶性竞争及国企改革等经济现象。     

基于顾客价值的市场创新途径研究

目前,大多数的企业都是通过激烈的竞争来争取产品的市场占有率,争取顾客。惯性的思维是,在本行业的现有市场中将产品和服务做到最好,以争取既定的顾客。从打破行业界限、打破顾客界限、打破产品功能导向界限三个方面探讨了市场创新的途径,为企业开辟新的市场空间提供了一些途径。     

新媒体背景下特色农产品的营销模式与优化策略

随着时代的发展和技术的革新,新媒体给产品营销带来了巨大红利,如今不少农产品也在新媒体渠道的助力下开拓出新的营销模式,利用自身优势和市场占比打出品牌效应,使农产品更具影响力.基于此,本文对新媒体背景下特色产品的营销模式进行了分析,并总结其营销模式中的不足之处,探讨了新媒体背景下优化其营销模式的策略.     

Optimality and efficiency of circular neighbor balanced designs for correlated observations

The purpose of this paper is to apply the Kunert and Martins (2000b) method for finding optimal designs into the case of dependence. Using this method we study optimality of circular neighbor balanced designs at distances 1 and 2 under the one-dimensional interference model with errors correlated according to a circular autoregressive process. We determine the efficiency of binary designs for specified values of correlation coefficient, for which these designs are not optimal.Research partially supported by the KBN Grant Number 5 P03A 041 21.     

Circular business model evolution: Stakeholder matters for a self-sufficient ecosystem

Food waste is a key issue in the circular economy. A circular ecosystem results from the contributions of various stakeholders; however, the claims and value propositions of these stakeholders can differ, hampering long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. This study analyses the case of RiCibo, a circular ecosystem based in Genoa, Italy. RiCibo collects surplus food and redistributes it to the needy in the local community. The study examines the conditions that facilitated RiCibo’s evolution from a simple project to a circular self-sufficient ecosystem characterised by a co-designed circular business model with a broad range of stakeholders. The results show that sharing people, infrastructure and knowledge, together with mutual trust among stakeholders, are the preconditions of a circular ecosystem. Long-term continuity depends on additional tools that enhance financial self-sufficiency, namely, participative governance, a co-designed circular business model, accountability, frequent engagement, local actions and the development of advocacy power.