民营企业跨国并购战略的制度创业过程研究

本研究采用案例研究方法,通过对中国林德集团收购德国帕西姆机场过程的分析,探索了新兴市场企业在成熟市场跨国并购过程中通过制度创业实现资源整合从而创造竞争优势的过程。本研究从制度视角探索了跨国并购的制度创业动因、机制和资源整合路径。突破了以往基于成熟市场的交易成本理论和组织学习理论通过股东收益和组织学习能力获取的传统跨国并购理论认识范式。研究发现,制度环境会影响组织通过制度创业建构合法性从而获得竞争优势资源;企业决策者的创业意愿和能力会影响企业制度创业成果;决策者意愿和能力与制度环境的互动机制影响制度创业效率;企业场域位势的嵌入程度较低以及处于业务和制度边界交界地带的企业,会实施制度创业改变企业的场域位势;企业通过制度创业跨越制度障碍形成的合法性成为企业新的竞争优势资源。     

民营企业参与新型城镇化中的制度经营多案例研究

本文以关于民营企业参与新型城镇化的7个典型案例和83个问卷调查为样本,采用了规范的多案例研究方法,揭开了广泛且公开存在的"制度经营"的神秘面纱,发现了民营企业参与新型城镇化的本质,即这些企业均采用了最高经营形态的"制度经营"的独特新商业模式。企业家通过四个层次和五个维度的制度经营形成了独特的制度资本,由于制度资本所具有的私人物品和公共物品的交叉属性,使制度经营既提高了企业绩效和经营利润,又推动了制度变迁与社会进步,而这又反过来提高了声誉资本、社会资本和政治资本,这些制度资本进一步提升了制度经营的层次和企业的绩效等。     

The impact of a necessity-based start-up on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction

Necessity entrepreneurship has been much debated in research and policy. This paper examines the impact of necessity as a start-up motive on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction. Empirically, the paper is based on a sample of 777 recently established Finnish micro enterprises. The results show that necessity entrepreneurs are somewhat more likely to want to switch back to paid employment later in their entrepreneurial careers. However, if the individual earns a satisfactory livelihood through self-employment, the negative effect of a necessity-based start-up on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction diminishes. Training in business skills that helps necessity entrepreneurs to run an economically viable business might thus increase their satisfaction with being self-employed.     

Propensity to firm creation: empirical research using structural equations

The identification of the entrepreneurs’ characteristics and the knowledge of the entrepreneurial profile of university students have been assuming a growing importance in the development of educational programs directed towards the entrepreneurship and start-up processes. This study aims to identify the factors that most contribute for the intention to start up a business. The research also tries to identify the profile of a potential entrepreneur student concerning several characteristics: personal attributes, family, demographic variables and motivations. Research findings include the idea that entrepreneurship education is the most relevant factor in what concerns the propensity to business creation. On the other side, personal characteristics have an important role in shaping motivation to start-up a business and perceived hurdles have a negative impact in the intention to start-up. The results may be relevant when developing an adequate educational program directed to the entrepreneurship education and start-up processes.     

Influence of the entrepreneur's capacity in business performance

The article presents a theoretical model of the entrepreneur's capacities and their influence on business performance. Starting from the traditional theory of dynamic capacities, those related to entrepreneurship and/or that influence the entrepreneur's capacities are identified, determining factors such as training, experience and confidence. In addition, other factors such as the environmental and institutional environment have been taken into account as they affect the entrepreneurship. For this purpose, a study was carried out with the Smart PLS software in a sample of companies in the tourism sector in the Mar Menor Region (Spain). An essential factor in the development of entrepreneurship in the region is the sustainability of the coastal lagoon. Some considerations are obtained from the study of the factors that determine the model of capacities, in which the confidence of the entrepreneur and the environmental sustainability, exert a positive and significant influence in the business performance. Furthermore, among the mentioned capacities of the entrepreneurial influence, experience and trust are the ones that most influence the success of the tourism business.     

The determinants of venture creation time: a cross-country perspective

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of macro-institutional and macro-non-institutional factors on the new venture creation time across emerging as well as developed economies in Europe using panel data from 2003 to 2006 in 15 emerging and developed countries. This paper finds significant relationships between the venture start-up time and institutional factors that include lending interest rates, start-up procedures, and taxation and one non-institutional factor, GDP per capita. Additionally, we found differences in the factors between emerging and developed countries. Institutional factors, such as start-up procedures and trade opportunities, are important determinants of new venture creation time in emerging countries, consistent with the findings of recent studies. To encourage business formation, policy makers may need to revise policies concerning these factors which can facilitate or restrict new venture formation. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.     

家族企业家精神与家族企业发展

家族企业家通常兼具家长、企业所有人及经营管理者三种角色,是家族企业的灵魂。他们身上表现的个性特质、行为特质在家族利益的影响下,在进行家族企业的生产经营管理活动中形成了独特的家族企业家精神。家族企业家精神会影响企业的绩效、寿命和家产的增长,从而影响家族企业的发展。在家族企业内外环境的影响下,家族企业家精神形成后仍具有可变性。因此,要特别注意家族企业家精神的异化对家族企业可持续性发展带来的伤害,以及家族企业家精神巩固、丰富、提升和传承这四个关键因素。     

Capturing Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Romanian Equine Sector: an Fs-Qca Approach

The paper proposes an analysis of entrepreneurial intentions in the equine sector in Romania and the identification of the variables influencing economic growth in this field. The equine sector plays a strategic role in the development of durable, sustainable and social entrepreneurship. The combination of equine services can ensure a business's survival during a crisis, and businesses involving horses can be considered complex. The equine sector is constantly changing: it is affected by politics, the social environment and new competitors. Changing customer requirements make it a difficult area in which to develop a sustainable start-up ecosystem. The present study is important in drawing attention to the main impediments faced by Romanian entrepreneurs in the development of the equine sector, a sector which—because of the emotional and physical benefits that horses offer—has great potential. The horse industry needs true "enthusiastic entrepreneurs" who have the management knowledge and skills to make their business more professional and profitable. It was found that the firm's organisation method is an important factor in predicting business continuity, in achieving medium- and long-term objectives, and in ensuring business success.

     

制度创业:制度压力和组织合法性间的桥梁——对特变的案例研究

本文融合新制度主义学派的适应性观点和能动性观点,探索了制度创业帮助企业在制度压力下实现组织合法性的途径。以新疆特变为案例研究对象,通过纵向追踪该企业的发展过程,横向剖析其成熟阶段的两个关键事件,研究其如何采取合适的组织行动和策略,赢得组织合法性的动态平衡。结果表明企业组织一方面不得不服从制度压力,另一方面采取对资源调配、意义建构、关系重塑的聚焦或融合战略重塑制度环境,以获得组织合法性。     

Starting-up unregistered and firm performance in Turkey

Recent years have seen a questioning of the negative representation of informal sector entrepreneurship and an emergent view that it may offer significant benefits. This paper advances this rethinking by evaluating the relationship between business registration and future firm performance. Until now, the assumption has been that starting-up unregistered is linked to weaker firm performance. Using World Bank Enterprise Survey data on 2494 formal enterprises in Turkey, and controlling for other determinants of firm performance as well as the endogeneity of the registration decision, the finding is that formal enterprises that started-up unregistered and spent longer unregistered have significantly higher subsequent annual sales and productivity growth rates compared with those registered from the outset. This is argued to be because in such weak institutional environments, the advantages of registering from the outset are outweighed by the benefits of deferring business registration and the low risks of detection and punishment. The resultant implication is that there is a need to shift away from the conventional eradication approach based on the negative depiction of informal entrepreneurship as poorly performing, and towards a more facilitating approach that improves the benefits of business registration and tackles the systemic formal institutional deficiencies that lead entrepreneurs to decide to delay the registration of their ventures.     

创业拼凑与机会开发过程模型--基于大学生创业的单案例分析

在"双创"教育的指引下,越来越多的大学生投身到创业活动之中,如何提高大学生创业存活率成为理论界与实践界关注的焦点。本文以一家大学生新创企业为例,采用纵向案例研究构建了大学生创业情境下"机会-资源一体化"过程模型,揭示了大学生新创企业利用创业拼凑进行机会开发的微观机制。研究发现在探索期,新创企业以资源为导向,采用物质拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"发现型机会"的开发;在稳定期,新创企业以机会为导向,采用网络拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"发现+创造型"机会的开发;在发展期,新创企业以顾客为导向,采用客户拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"创造型机会"的开发。研究结果可为揭示创业拼凑内部机理的形成提供方向,也可为从校园走出的大学生新创企业利用手边资源、开发有潜力的创业机会、实现企业可持续发展提供有益的借鉴和启示。     

Success factors for new businesses in Austria and the Czech Republic

New business start-ups play a significant role in maintaining as well as creating a functional market economy. However, as the business environment differs in established and emerging market economies, it seems appropriate to examine whether start-up success factors also differ in this context. This paper presents a comparative analysis of success factors for start-ups in early development stages in the traditional market economy of Austria versus the emerging market economy of the Czech Republic. The comparison uses binary logistic regression analysis and is based on an Austrian sample of 296 new businesses from 1998 and a Czech sample of 459 new businesses from 2000. This analysis reveals that the composition of significant success predictors differs in the two samples in question. In Austria, success in the early development stage can mainly be predicted on the basis of start-up process characteristics as well as two aspects of the entrepreneur's personal environment, while personal characteristics, personality traits and resources have no significant impact. In the Czech Republic, on the other hand, characteristics of the start-up process are also important, but in a different composition than in Austria. In addition, one aspect related to personality (i.e. need for achievement) as well as start-up resources play an important role in predicting entrepreneurial success in the Czech sample. As a result, the results support the hypothesis of the cultural embeddedness of entrepreneurship.     

Business model innovation in entrepreneurship

The goal of this paper is to advance the understanding of emerging developments in business model design within the field of entrepreneurship. It is widely known that during the start-up process, entrepreneurs need to set up the boundaries of the business and define the product/service to offer. This is a very complex task, especially for new technology-based companies which usually require large investments and have a limited time span (avoiding product obsolescence) to turn the idea into a full-time venture. Although business model design within the entrepreneurship field is a recent topic, it is gaining a growing attention in the literature. The usefulness and predictable power of business models are expected to help entrepreneurs make more informed decisions, thus increasing the chances of success. This article first tackles the specific problems faced by new technology-based firms, linking their needs with the advantages of having a flexible and well-designed business model. Second, different innovative practices aimed at improving business model design are discussed. The paper ends with some recommendations, stressing the need for future empirical work.     

科技企业孵化器运营模式的创新策略分析

随着我国社会的不断发展,各企业也在不断地进行改革创新。当前,孵化器概念被应用于我国的经济服务行业,在许多地方,企业孵化器被运用于高新技术的创业与服务当中。科技企业孵化器能够使一些科技型的中小企业寻求更好的发展,孵化器能够提供空间与基础设施等支持,并能够帮助引导毕业大学生进行更好的创业活动。论文从科技企业孵化器运营模式的含义进行分析,然后分析科技企业孵化器运营中所存在的问题,最后从两个方面思考科技企业孵化器运营模式的创新。     

对大学生网上创业影响因素的研究

通过对当前高校大学生网上创业现状进行分析,探讨了影响大学生网上创业意向的因素并寻找了创业成功的有效途径,根据这些有效途径对大学生网上创业和高校创业教育实践进行了指导。     

The Emergence of Proto-Institutions in the New Normal Business Landscape: Dialectic Institutional Work and the Dutch Drone Industry

In the current business landscape, in which technology-enabled entrepreneurship is part of the New Normal, regulatory institutional structures are in constant flux. Previous studies have framed the challenges facing entrepreneurs in mature organizational fields as avoiding the power of overbearing regulators long enough to establish the legitimacy of their ventures. In fields typified by New Normal conditions, however, regulatory frameworks for evaluating new technology-enabled ventures are often still lacking. Regulators may choose to actively reach out to entrepreneurs to arrive at a better understanding of the radical technological changes and high-frequency entrepreneurial behavioural adaptations that occur in these settings. To grasp how novel regulatory institutional structures come about in the New Normal business landscape, we conducted a processual study of the emergence of a new technology that is the Dutch remotely piloted aircraft systems (drone) industry between 2000 and 2018. Our findings show that regulatory proto-institutions result from dialectic institutional work in the form of structured interactions between entrepreneurs and regulators. Specifically, we present a process model that reveals how new regulatory structures evolve in contexts where high levels of technological and behavioural change induce systemic uncertainty, and enlarge the interdependence between entrepreneurs and regulators. We suggest that our process theory of proto-institutional emergence generalizes towards other organizational fields in which technology-enabled entrepreneurship has become the main driver of growth. Theoretically, our findings speak to the literatures on institutional work, proto-institutional emergence, and the New Normal business landscape.     

Innovation Offshoring,Institutional Context and Innovation Performance: A Meta‐Analysis

Innovation offshoring (IO) has become a widespread management practice. Yet, evidence on the performance implications is inconsistent, and scattered across disciplines and contexts. We argue that the benefits firms can derive from IO depend on the institutional environment at home. Drawing on recent work on institutional theory in international business, we explore institutions that facilitate reverse knowledge transfer and/or institutional arbitrage with respect to innovation‐related activities. The results of our meta‐analysis that synthesizes evidence from 48 samples show that IO is related positively to innovation performance. As predicted, this relationship is moderated by differences in the institutional environments across countries. Specifically, when national innovation systems are weak at home, IO appears to enable institutional arbitrage strategy whereas Confucian cultures enable more effective reverse knowledge transfer. However, contrary to our expectations, the beneficial effects of IO appear to have diminished over time.     

Individual and Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship

I argue that to better understand the emergence of entrepreneurial activity in a given country, we need to complement the analysis of the psychological and non-psychological characteristics of the individual entrepreneur that currently dominates entrepreneurship studies with the analysis of environmental characteristics in terms of the availability of resources and competition, as well as the conditions of the institutions that govern economic activity. These three groups of factors enable the entrepreneur not only to identify a business opportunity, but also to exploit it, and create a firm that achieves profitability and generates wealth.     

策论大学生创业与天使投资的互动博弈

大学生创业存在着需求升温和实践缺失的双重镜像。本文通过实证分析得出结论:当前大学生创业面临着诸多困难,尤其是创业启动资金缺乏已成为其发展"瓶颈"。主张尝试植入并延展"天使投资"这一风险投资的理念和渠道,认为"天使投资"是打开大学生创业困局的一剂妙方。在实践层面,指出大学生创业者应更为精准地把握自身创业的意义、选择恰当的时机,充分发挥"天使投资"的作用。     

内部控制影响国有企业竞争优势的中介效应研究

本文以2012—2019年国有上市公司为研究对象,基于公平竞争的市场环境持续改善的背景,实证研究内部控制对国有企业竞争优势的影响及作用机理。本文通过构建多元回归模型检验内部控制对国有企业竞争优势的提升效应,运用中介效应模型验证企业家精神、创新活动、融资约束在内部控制与国有企业竞争优势之间的中介作用。研究发现：内部控制质量与国有企业竞争优势显著正相关;企业家精神、创新活动与融资约束在内部控制对国有企业竞争优势的影响中存在部分中介效应。因此,可以从政府监管层面、制度层面和企业层面通过健全内部控制、激发企业家精神、促进创新活动以及降低融资约束等方式提升国有企业竞争优势。