冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布

开展冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布规律研究,对于凌汛防治具有重要意义。本文在SKM法的基础上,结合双层假设理论,并将二次流项并入雷诺切应力项,建立了考虑河床摩擦、冰盖阻力、横向剪切湍流和二次流影响的准二维数学模型。与相应的物理模型实验结果对比发现,所提出的准二维数学模型能够合理预测复式断面河道各断面的水深平均流速横向分布及河道过流量。本文提出的数学模型,无需通过计算机编程联立求解复杂方程组,即可获得水深平均流速的横向分布特征,对研究具有复式断面的覆冰河道的水流特征具有一定的指导意义。     

冰盖下散粒体泥沙起动流速的试验研究

本文通过对水槽试验，对模拟冰盖流的河床泥沙起动流速进行了试验研究，探讨了冰盖流下河床泥沙起动流速的变化规律，试验表明：冰盖下泥沙卢动流速与冰盖及槽底糙度的相对比值有关。     

冰盖下散粒体泥沙起动流速的试验研究

本文通过水槽试验，对模拟冰盖流的河床泥沙起动流速进行了试验研究，探讨了冰盖流下河床泥沙起动流速的变化规律。试验表明:冰盖下泥沙起动流速与冰盖及槽底糙率的相对比值有关。     

基于DPIV的河工模型试验流速数据处理与分析

利用水流运动的基本规律,对DPIV测量结果中的错误信息进行了判别和剔除;以MATLAB为工具,采用流体运动的连续性方程、Kriging方法等对剔除错误信息后的有效数据进行离散数据点的网格插值,可得到全流场以及各个量测断面的流速分布;利用计算水力学理论,进一步探讨了流线、等流速线、涡度和涡线等流场特征参数的计算方法。     

梯形渠道断面流速分布规律试验研究

梯形渠道以其过流能力大、输沙能力强和具有普遍适用的特点,已经在灌区得到广泛应用.经过对梯形渠道断面流速分布规律和试验研究,得出过水断面最大流速发生在液面以下.分析水槽实测流速资料,发现中垂线流速分布与对数律流速分布形式和抛物线形式拟合曲线都有一定的偏差.进一步分析引入尾流函数公式,得出拟合曲线交点处流速值近似等于过水断面的平均流速.     

矩形断面渠道流速分布与测流方法探讨

对矩形断面渠道流速进行测量,采用对数公式和抛物线公式拟合流速曲线,分析流速在断面垂向的分布规律,发现垂线最大流速并非出现在水面,其位置与雷诺数有关.认为不同雷诺数的断面以及同一断面的边壁区与中心区应采用不同的平均流速计算公式.     

明渠冰盖下流动的综合糙率

明渠冰盖下流动的综合糙率nc是确定冰期水位和流量关系的关键参数,本文根据冰盖区和床面区的边界条件和流量的连续性条件提出了通用的综合糙率公式,研究了冰盖下一般矩形明渠和宽浅明渠流速分布及流速比a对综合糙率nc的影响,在此基础上,计算分析比较了通用综合糙率公式、Einstein公式、Belokon-Sabaneev公式和Larsen公式的差异和使用条件,结果表明:对于宽深比b/H较小的矩形明渠,采用Belokon-Sabaneev公式将产生很大的计算偏差,Larsen公式只适合宽浅明渠,而Einstein公式是通用综合糙率公式的最好近似,推荐在工程设计中采用。     

非淹没复式断面丁坝区的流速分布规律

复式断面丁坝是常见的航道整治建筑物。通过室内水槽试验开展非淹没复式断面丁坝流速分布规律研究。结果表明①表层合流速高速区主要出现在一级丁坝坝头下游外侧,二级丁坝长度b₂对高速区流速大小及平面分布形态具有明显影响,而弗劳德数Fr只影响高速区流速大小,表层横向流速平面分布接近扇形,最大横流可达试验流速的0.45倍;②横断面上纵向流速高速区位于一级丁坝坝头附近,强横流区位于二级丁坝前缘,均呈带状分布,b₂越大,带宽越小,高速区分布更为集中;③纵剖面上纵向流速最大值出现在丁坝下游靠近水面附近,其沿程位置随b₂的增大而上移,横向流速呈先增大后减小的变化,最大值出现在丁坝附近靠近槽底的部位,强横流区呈枫叶型分布。研究结果可为航道整治工程设计和丁坝水毁保护等提供参考。     

冰盖下水流流动的掺混特性

本文采用κ-ε紊流模型建立了冰盖流及物质输移的垂向二维数值模型,对封冻河道水流的垂向掺混特性及水中冰在冰盖下的输移规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,冰盖下水流纵向流速在流动核心部分较为均匀,并不遵循对数分布规律;沿水深水流紊动粘性系数并没有出现为零现象,并当上下边壁粗糙相近时,在水深中部达到最大：位于不同水深位置的水中冰进入封冻河道时,在冰盖下有不同的输移规律,水深中部水中冰的最大浓度值降低速率及扩散范围相对较大。研究结果揭示了冰盖对水流流动及垂向掺混的影响。     

PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF INSTANTANEOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR ORIFICE SYNTHETIC JET

The instantaneous flow characteristics of circular orifice synthetic jet was experimentally studied by a phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The instantaneous flowfields, including the forming, developing and breaking down of the vortex for the jet were clearly shown by the PIV experimental results. As the basis of the study of the instantaneous flow, 36 images were taken and phase-averaged for each condition. The PIV experiment was mainly focused on the time evolution of the vortex pairs formed in the push cycle, the saddle point existing in the suck cycle, the variation of the centerline velocity in the whole cycle and the cross-stream velocity profiles and their self-similarity. Finally, the orifice depth was changed from 1.5 mm to 2 mm and 3.5 mm in order to study the effect of different orifice depths on the flow structure, which shows that at all stream wise sections, the peak of the mass flux and momentum flux increases as the orifice depth increases. Furthermore, the nondimensional distance of the mass flux from the exit is the maximum, while the nondimensional distance of the centerline velocity peak from the exit is the minimum, and nondimensional distance of the momentum flux from the exit section is between them.     

循环流化床环核结构速度分布PIV测试

利用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对循环流化床中颗粒流场进行了系统的实验研究。运用适合于高粒子浓度的最小方差法（MQD）图像处理算法得到了截面内典型环核流动颗粒速度矢量场。采用速度矢量场的方法可以确定出环核结构分界。定量上获得了不同时刻颗粒轴向上升和下落平均速度大小及沿床径向分布特性。在统计颗粒轴向上升速度和下落速度代数和基础上,获得了总体上颗粒轴向速度沿床径向在整个截面内形成抛物线型的环核分布规律。     

EVALUATION OF THE SHADING METHOD FOR REDUCING IMAGE BLOOMING IN THE PIV MEASUREMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

The shading method is a simple but effective way of reducing image blooming in the measurement of open channel flows with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).The current paper proposes a simplified analytical model for light attenuation using this method.The model is verified against experimental data,and the influence of several parameters is illustrated numerically.The possible adverse effect due to the light attenuation is shown to be limited when the parameters in the shading method are in an adequate range,as shown by processing standard images of Case B in PIV Challenge 03.A simple criterion for setting the shade in experiment is given for controlling the errors caused by the shading technique within an acceptable range.     

Experimental Research of Flow Structure in A Gas-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser by PIV

Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) techniques were applied to investigate the particle motion and cluster properties in a gas-solid two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser. Visual images and micro-structure of various clusters were captured. After the boundary of clusters was determined by the gray level threshold method, clusters were classified by the distance between particles and the shape and position of clusters. In addition, the process of clusters forming and breaking up was described, and the sizes of clusters were also obtained. With the Minimum Quadric Difference (MQD) cross-correlation algorithm suitable for high-density particles, the axial velocities of the particles were obtained in the dilute phase section. The features of particle motion were revealed by investigating statistically the magnitude and distribution of particle axial velocity in the radial direction. At most radial cross-sections, there exists a parabola-shaped distribution of upward axial velocity of particles, namely, the magnitude of axial velocity in the core region is higher than that near the wall region of the riser.     

The flow patterns of bubble plume in an MBBR

The flow patterns of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in a Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) have a critical effect upon the mass transfer by the convection.Bubble plumes promote unsteadily fluctuating two-phase flows during the aeration.This article studies the unsteady structure of bubble plumes through experiments.The time-serial bubble plume images in various cases of the tank are analyzed.The Recursive Cross Correlation-Particle Image Velocimetry (RCC-PIV) is used to calculate the velocities in those cases, and then the time-serial vortex, the total turbulence intensity, the time-serial streamline are obtained.It is shown that the aspect ratio and the void fraction are the dominant factors influencing the unsteady structure of bubble plumes.When the aspect ratio is unity and the void fraction is high, the bubble plumes see a symmetrical vortex structure with a long residence time, which is beneficial for optimizing the aeration system and enhancing the applied range of bubble plumes.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE TRANSITION REGION OF PIPES

The accuracy of an ultrasonic flowmeter meaurement depends on the profile-linear average velocity.But this velocity in the transition region is not available at the present.In this article,the velocity in the transition region in pipes is studied by experimental methods.The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the flow field in the transition region in pipes,and the measured results from PIV are in good agreement with the Westerwell’s experimental data.Based on the experimental data of PIV,the curves of the profile-linear average velocity in the transition region against the Reynolds number in the range from 2 000 to 20 000 are obtained,and it is shown that the coefficient k is constant when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 000-2 400 and 6 000-20 000,and the coefficient k is increasing when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 400-6 000.The results of this article can be used to improve the measurement accuracy of the ultrasonic flowmeters and as a theoretical basis for the research on the transition flow.     

导叶开度对水泵水轮机泵工况导叶区流场影响的试验研究

针对活动导叶开度对水泵水轮机泵工况导叶区流场和模型性能的影响,在高精度模型通用试验台上对一低比转速模型水泵水轮机导叶区的流场运用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统进行了测量。测量结果显示,同一开度下随着流量减小,无叶区内的流速出现增大的趋势;同一流量随着开度的减小,导叶前流速明显增大,模型效率下降。模型试验在转轮无空化条件下进行,但在8 mm开度83%最优流量工况,由于流速高、冲角大,造成位于高压侧的导叶头部发生了明显的绕流空化现象,并引起了固定导叶流道宽频带的压力脉动。研究成果可为水泵水轮机的优化设计和安全稳定运行提供试验依据。     

扫描光屏法在PIV技术测量自由剪切层中的应用

ＰＩＶ技术是九十年代实验流体力学的重大成就。它能够提供瞬时整个流场的定量信息，而且具有很高的空间分辨率和很好的精度。为了获得清晰可靠的ＰＩＶ底片，人们对实验方法作了很多改进。本文讨论了近年使用较多的扫描光屏法，提出了该方法在使用中特别注意的一些问题，并给出了用该方法测量自由剪切流场的结果。     

天然河道浑水流速分布研究

通过对有关学者得出的几个典型的垂线流速分布公式的分析认为:现有的用于天然河道的流速分布公式都存在不同程度的缺陷,且这些公式仅能用来计算不受侧壁影响的二维情况下的垂线流速分布,当用于峡谷河段时计算值与实测值差别较大。实测资料表明,对数或指数型流速分布公式可用于描述宽谷河段的垂线流速分布。由水流阻力公式导得了天然河道垂线平均流速沿横向的分布,引进重线流速分布,即得到断面点流速的分布公式。公式既可以用于清水水流,也可以用于挟有泥沙的浑水水流,含沙量对流速分布的影响主要反映在指数m发生变化这一点上。与实测资料比较发现,公式较好地反映了天然河道流速分布的实际情况。