论个人所得税的二元课税模式

由于综合个人所得税制在理论基础和实际征管方面都存在着难以克服的困难,发端于北欧国家的对劳动所得适用累进税率而对资本所得适用比例税率的二元个人所得税制就成为一种较为现实而理想的模式,在国际上正得到日益广泛的支持。我国近年提出的综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制模式近似于二元所得税制,应当作为个人所得税改革的长远目标,但还需对具体制度安排进行恰当的设计。     

Capital Mobility and Source-Based Taxation of Capital Income in Small Open Economies

This paper examines the taxation of capital income in a small open economy that faces a highly elastic supply of internationally mobile capital and increasing tax competition. The analysis considers a wide variety of additional factors that affect the determination of capital income taxation policy, including the desire to tax economic rents earned by foreign and domestic firms, the desire to take advantage of any treasury transfer effects, the role played by transfer pricing and other financial accounting manipulations by foreign multinationals, the need for a backstop to the personal income tax and various political concerns. The paper evaluates several potential income and consumption-based tax reforms in this context. JEL Code: H21, H25, H87     

我国企业所得税境外所得抵免规定中存在的问题及对策

本文通过对现有境外所得抵免政策的分析,指明其需要补充和完善的内容,同时提出了相关政策建议。     

最优所得税理论与我国个人所得税的实践

最优所得税理论一诞生,就受到了广泛关注。一些学者用不同模型阐述了最优所得税理论。虽毋须严格按照这些模型来设计我国的个人所得税制度,但其模型所体现的税制设计理念或思想对现阶段我国个人所得税制度的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Intertemporally Dependent Preferences and the Welfare Cost of Capital Income Taxation

The welfare cost of capital income taxation is analyzed utilizing intertemporally dependent preference operationalized using a variable rate of time preference. It is shown that if households exhibit increasing marginal impatience, then the welfare cost of capital income taxation is inversely related to the elasticity of the rate of time preference with respect to consumption. Therefore, the welfare cost of capital income taxation reported using time additive preferences may not be robust. Numerical examples show that the use of time additive preferences could result in the welfare cost of capital income taxation to be overestimated by as much as 25%.     

优化我国证券收益所得课税的思考

我国经济和证券市场的高速发展对现行证券税制提出更高的要求。因此,我国证券税制的改革应循着这样的道路:进一步完善现行税制,并与国际惯例接轨;调节收入分配关系,更好地体现公平原则;打击短期投资行为,鼓励长期投资;尽快解决重复征税问题,使之成为推动证券市场健康发展的动力。     

《企业所得税法》"特别纳税调整"亮点解读

《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》在"特别纳税调整"一章规定了一些新的反避税条款。本文对其中的一些"亮点",如反避税一般性规定、提供关联交易相关资料、受控外国企业、限制资本弱化、纳税调整加收利息等进行了解读,有助于征纳双方更好地掌握税法。     

浅谈"两法合并"后的涉外税收征管

"两法合并"以后,涉外税收将继续存在。本文针对当前涉外税收的两种片面认识以及目前涉外税收管理的突出问题,提出了"两法合并"后加强涉外税收征管的若干建议。     

公司所得税改革的世界趋势:价值取向与具体措施

随着经济全球化的发展和国际间资本流动的加速,在追求公平、效率、收入的基础上,世界公司所得税改革的价值取向已进一步提升到提高本国税制竞争力、吸引国际投资的高度,降低税率、扩大税基、消除股息双重征税以及对现金流量税的理论推崇也成为实现这一价值理念的基本措施。     

Does Private Country-by-Country Reporting Deter Tax Avoidance and Income Shifting? Evidence from BEPS Action Item 13

To combat tax avoidance by multinational corporations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development introduced country-by-country reporting (CbCr), requiring firms to provide tax authorities with a geographic breakdown of their profitability and activities. Treating the introduction of CbCr in the European Union as a shock to private disclosure requirements, this study examines the effect on corporate tax outcomes. Exploiting the €750 million revenue threshold for disclosure and employing regression-discontinuity and difference-in-differences designs, I document a 1–2 percentage point increase in consolidated GAAP effective tax rates among affected firms. I also find evidence consistent with a decline in tax-motivated income shifting, starting in 2018. These results suggest that, although private geographic disclosures can deter corporate tax avoidance, so far, the regulations have had a limited effect on tax-motivated income shifting. My findings have policy implications for the global implementation of private CbCr and extend the debate on public versus private disclosure of tax information.     

Why Capital Income Taxes Survive in Open Economies: The Role of Multinational Firms

This paper discusses the role of multinational firms and double taxation treaties for corporate income taxation in open economies. We show that it is optimal for a small open economy to levy positive corporate income taxes if multinational firms are taxed according to the full taxation after deduction system or the foreign tax credit system. Positive corporate taxes also occur in the asymmetric case where some countries apply the exemption system and others apply the tax credit system. If all countries apply the exemption system, the optimal corporate income tax is zero. We also show that, under tax competition, corporate income taxes are not necessarily too low from the perspective of the economy as a whole. While the undertaxation result is confirmed for the case of the exemption system, tax rates may also be inefficiently high if the deduction or the credit systems are applied.     

对企业所得税"一税两管"问题的探讨

税收征管的实践证明,企业所得税管理体制问题,即企业所得税由国家税务局系统和地方税务局系统同时负责征收和管理(简称“一税两管”),是企业所得税管理中最为敏感的问题。“一税两管”使税收征管成本不断增加、税收执法力度严重弱化、各种矛盾不断出现,给征纳双方带来了很大的不便。本文认为,要从根本上解决“一税两管”的弊端,必须从完善立法、明确征管范围、完善收入分享制度、加快信息化建设等方面入手,不断完善企业所得税管理体制。     

对个人所得税费用扣除标准的若干思考

个人所得税改革涉及千家万户的切身利益,上调个人所得税费用扣除标准是众所瞩目的焦点问题,但在实践中很多人对个人所得税费用扣除标准的表述不够准确,甚至产生了歧义,必须为其正名;应规范分项减除"费用扣除标准",与通货膨胀率挂钩,实行指数化调整;实现内外统一的"费用扣除标准",使人人都能享受国民待遇.     

“两税合一”对台湾上市公司股利税资本化的影响

本文以1994～2001年两税合一税制实施前后的台湾上市公司为样本，运用Harris-Kemsley股利税后收益模型，探讨所得税制改革对权益投资者收益的影响，以及两税合一税制的实施对股利税资本化的影响。实证结果表明：两税合一税制实施前，台湾上市公司的末分配盈余与其股利税资本化程度负相关，即股利税资本化效果存在；两税合一税制实施后，台湾上市公司的股利税资本化程度低于两税合一前的程度。     

Tax treatment of dividends and capital gains and the dividend decision under dual income tax

The paper analyses efficiency aspects of a dual income tax system with a higher tax on capital gains than dividends. It argues that apart from the distortions to investments claimed in earlier literature, the system puts even more emphasis in creating incentives for entrepreneurs to participate in tax planning. The paper suggests that the owner of a closely held company can avoid all personal taxes on entrepreneurial income by two tax-planning strategies. The first is the avoidance of distributions, which would be taxed at the tax rate on labour income. These funds would instead be invested in the financial markets. The second strategy is a distribute and call-back policy, converting retained profits into new equity capital. Interestingly, the outcome is that investment in real capital is not distorted in the long-run equilibrium. Empirical evidence using microdata is also provided.      

美国公司所得税制的实践及其对我国的启示

传统公司课税理论从法人性质角度说明公司负担所得税的合理性,但是这种解释方式受到了现行公司组织形式多样化的挑战。美国之所以对C公司、S公司、有限责任公司和开放式合伙采取灵活多样的所得税制,而不受纳税人是否具有独立法人资格的影响,乃是贯彻应能负税原则使然。在这一理论的指导下,并受国际上减轻经济性双重征税趋势的影响,我国对一人公司应改为采用单一课税模式。     

建立综合和分类相结合的个人所得税征管制度研究

本文结合山东省青岛市个人所得税征管调研情况,分析了交叉型和并立型综合和分类相结合个人所得税具体征收模式对税收征管的要求,并借鉴国际先进经验,提出了具体的改革建议。     

美国州公司所得税制及其存废之争

本文首先介绍了美国州公司所得税制的概况,进而梳理了纳税人、立法机构、政府部门以及研究者对美国州公司所得税税制设计以及是否废除该税种的广泛争议,得出美国州公司所得税正在被逐渐边缘化的结论。     

优化我国劳务所得课税 促进居民收入分配公平

目前,我国对劳务所得的课税项目分散、同类所得税负不同、税负普遍较重,已构成我国收入分配差距过大的诱因之一。基于此,本文借鉴西方发达国家对劳务课税的先进经验,从课税范围、费用扣除标准和税率设计等方面提出了完善我国劳务所得税制设计的政策建议。     

Taxation of Interest Income

Why is interest income taxed so much more heavily than other forms of capital income? This differential tax treatment has generated substantial tax arbitrage, resulting in lower tax revenue, efficiency costs, and apparently net gains to rich borrowers and net losses to poor lenders, together suggesting that this tax treatment makes no sense on welfare grounds. In examining this argument more formally, this paper reveals two omitted considerations that can help explain the existing tax treatment. First, the forecasted increase in the market interest rate results in a redistribution from rich borrowers to poor lenders. Yet this redistribution comes at no marginal efficiency cost, starting from a situation with no distortions to portfolio choice, so at the margin dominates further redistribution through the income tax. In addition, information about an individual's portfolio choice reveals information about her earnings ability, even controlling for observed labor income, if those who are more able tend to be less risk averse. By making use of this extra information about earnings ability, the tax system can be better tailored to redistribute from able to less able, for any given efficiency cost.