波兰至2020年的能源政策

概述波兰的《能源法》详细规定了能源管理方面的任务。根据这个法律，波兰经济部长在1999年内起草了做兰至2020年的能源政策纲要》，提出经济发展对能源需求的长期预测以及国家的长期战略规划。能源政策的战略目标国家能源政策的主要目标是保证能源安全（即用经济和技术方面都合理的方法满足用户对能源的现实需要和未来需求）、提高国内能搞企业及其产品和服务的竞争力以及有效地保护环境。为了达到以上目标，必须实施以下战略：1．能西和环境一体化育理战略。能源开发和利用必须遵循平衡发展原则，应给后代留下一定的非再生自然资源；2能强…     

俄罗斯2020年前能源发展战略

2003年10月，俄罗斯政府公布了《俄罗斯联邦2020年前能源发展战略》。     

教育与创新在“欧盟2020战略”中的核心地位解读

“欧盟2020战略”确立欧盟未来10年的奋斗目标是发展智能经济、建成更绿色的经济体、提升就业能力、加强社会凝聚力和实现知识经济社会。本文通过剖析教育和创新在该战略中所处的核心地位,进一步厘清欧盟重视教育和推动创新的总体思路：以教育促创新,以创新促增长,以增长促就业,以就业促和谐。这一发展思路不仅符合当今世界范围内改革与发展的潮流,而且值得我国在制定教育和创新发展战略时借鉴和参考。     

欧盟可再生能源政策研究

欧盟作为全球温室气体减排行动的积极倡导者,近年来积极引领和推动绿色低碳经济的发展,实现欧洲“再工业化”的战略构想,在可再生能源发展方面成效显著.本文分析了欧盟可再生能源政策的法律基础,研究了欧盟支持和促进可再生能源发展的主要政策措施,特别是欧盟加强可再生能源投资的主要做法,并总结了欧盟成员国支持可再生能源发展的主要财政与金融工具,希望为我国可再生能源发展提供借鉴.     

欧洲2020战略旗舰计划：创新型联盟（下）

“创新型联盟”是欧洲2020战略七大旗舰计划之首,由欧委会2010年10月公布,欧盟理事会2011年2月批准,是欧盟未来10年的科研与创新战略文件。该战略以10年内把欧盟建设成为“创新型联盟”为目标,要求欧盟把创新作为首要和压倒一切的政策目标,提出了加强研发投入、提高资金使用效益、实现教育现代化、4年内建成统一的欧洲研究区、简化科研计划管理、促进成果产业化、实现欧盟单一专利、启动“欧洲创新伙伴”行动、推动社会创新、加强国际合作等十项工作重点,并提出部署相关配套措施,开展欧盟层面的科研与创新绩效监测工作,确保“创新型联盟”各项目标的实现。本文是“创新型联盟”旗舰计划的译稿,供国内相关部门参考。     

欧洲2020战略旗舰计划：创新型联盟（上）

“创新型联盟”是欧洲2020战略七大旗舰计划之首,由欧委会2010年10月公布,欧盟理事会2011年2月批准,是欧盟未来10年的科研与创新战略文件。该战略以10年内把欧盟建设成为“创新型联盟”为目标,要求欧盟把创新作为首要和压倒一切的政策目标,提出了加强研发投入、提高资金使用效益、实现教育现代化、4年内建成统一的欧洲研究区、简化科研计划管理、促进成果产业化、实现欧盟单一专利、启动“欧洲创新伙伴”行动、推动社会创新、加强国际合作等十项工作重点,并提出部署相关配套措施,开展欧盟层面的科研与创新绩效监测工作,确保“创新型联盟”各项目标的实现。本文是“创新型联盟”旗舰计划的译稿,供国内相关部门参考。     

欧盟能源计划新举措

1998年11月13日欧盟能源部长理事会正式批准“欧盟1998－2002年能源框架计划”,这标志着欧盟对其能源计划完成结构调整,能源工作进人一个目标明确。协调一致的新时期。框架计划的基本目标是保证欧盟能源政策和计划的一致性和有效性,使框架计划成为集成、透明和有效的能源计划,是从欧盟能源政策出发合理配置欧盟能源投入,以期获得最大效益。借鉴欧盟第五个科研总体规划的项目划分方法,能源框架计划划分为两类计划,一是横向行动,二是主题计划。框架计划设有二个横向行动,即“能源前瞻分析和市场监测”和“能源国际合作”;有四项主题…     

欧盟可再生能源起飞运动

运动背景目前,可再生能源在欧盟的利用是不均等和不充分的。尽管其中有些可再生能源是丰富的并且实际的经济潜力也是巨大的,但可再生能源在欧盟能源总消费量的比重仅占6％。为了应付这种挑战,欧盟及其成员国必须进行联合努力。可再生能源是地方能源,能有助于减少对能源进口的依赖和增加能源供给的安全。发展可再生能源能有助于促进在中小企业创造就业。扩大开发可再生能源变成朝向欧盟社会经济更加融合的地区发展的发动机之一。目前,欧盟依靠能源进口量已占其总消费量的切叽。如不采取任何措施,在未来几年还要增加,到2020年将达到70…     

欧盟出台气候和能源新战略

欧盟委员会1月23日通过一个旨在应对气候变化和促进可再生能源使用的一揽子方案,新方案进一步明确了欧盟各国领导人在去年3月首脑会议上设定的总目标,即欧盟单方面承诺在2020年以前将温室气体总体排放量在1990年的基础上减少20％,将可再生能源占能源消耗总量的比例提高到20％,同时将生物燃料在交通能源消耗中的比例提高到10％。     

欧盟能源发展战略

2006年3月8日,欧盟委员会发表了《欧洲安全、竞争、可持续发展能源战略》,亦称《绿皮书》.2006年3月23-24日,欧盟在布鲁塞尔举行的春季高峰会上重点讨论了该项战略.虽然各国在开放本国能源市场的速度和建立欧洲统一能源监督机制方面仍存在分歧,但25个成员国的领导人就加强能源合作与协调,实现能源供给多元化,进一步改善能源内外市场,加强能源研发,发展可持续能源,确保能源供给安全等重大政策方面达成了共识,一致同意建立欧洲共同能源政策.     

欧盟对华直接投资对中欧双边贸易影响的协整分析

欧盟对华直接投资与中国向欧盟出口以及欧盟对华直接投资与中国向欧盟进口均表现为一种显著的协整关系.这说明欧盟对华直接投资与中欧双边贸易之间的长期均衡关系比较稳定,而且欧盟对华的直接投资与中欧双边贸易在规模上具有相同的变化趋势.同时,从短期看来,欧盟对华直接投资与中国对欧盟进出口的关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度很快.     

The education pillar of the Europe 2020 strategy: a convergence analysis

Empirica - In March 2010, the European Commission launched the Europe 2020 strategy ‘for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’ in the EU. Education is a major pillar of the Europe...     

欧盟2020年减排目标实现的可行性分析

欧盟作为全球应对气候变化的积极倡导者和主要领导者,其减排目标广泛影响着美国、中国等排放大国乃至全球的减排政策及行动。2020年是评估全球气候变化和各国减排努力的重要时间节点。欧盟提出,2020年要比1990年减排20%或30%。通过综合分析,欧盟基本可以以较小的减排成本,实现20%的减排目标,实现30%的减排目标将主要依靠适度提高非EU-ETS(欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制)覆盖部门减排目标,而未来10年欧盟可再生能源以及能效的提高目标将为这一目标的实现提供关键条件,通过欧盟内部努力,30%的目标也是可以实现的。     

Gazprom and the complexity of the EU gas market: a strategy to define

Abstract

Confronted with an increasingly competitive market in the European Union and the credible threat of a new entrant in the form of liquefied natural gas imports from the United States, Gazprom’s traditional export strategy is open to question. The company must decide whether it should launch a price war in order passively to adapt to impending competition and its role as a ‘residual supplier’ to the EU gas market, or whether it should take advantage of the current price uncertainty. This article explores the scope for long-term strategic action by Gazprom other than simply engaging in a price war. It is argued that Gazprom could forge a position as a key player in the EU gas market capable of playing the same role as Saudi Arabia does in the global oil market.     

The impact of regulatory change on EU energy utility returns: the three liberalization packages

The European Union’s (EU) energy sector is changing due to major policy reforms. In this article, we examine the impact of major legislative changes which were designed to induce competition in the energy sector: the three liberalization packages. Competition was expected to benefit the industry by phasing out inefficient firms. EU citizens were also expected to benefit as competition was likely to promote a more efficient energy sector and more consumer choice of energy products and services. However, this legislative change occurred during a period of extreme market turmoil. We examine the impact of all these changes on the risk profile of the sector. Our results show that the liberalization legislation significantly increased systematic risk exposure of the sector, reducing its role as a defensive investment asset. We also show that commodities had relatively little impact on sector returns, but this was expected as utilities can offset commodity risk in hedging markets. We compare our results to those obtained in neighbouring EU sectors and find the impacts are isolated to the energy sector. This article makes a major contribution to energy policy by empirically showing the change in risk as a result of sector liberalization.     

Regulation, technology strategy and energy policy: the missing link

Two new regulatory agencies were establishd as part of the process of privatization of the gas and electricity industries in the UK and, subsequently, an independent Energy Saving Trust was setup. This paper explores some of the problems these bodies face in attempting to operate effectively, with regard to the development and deployment of new renewable energy and enw-saving technologies, in the absence of a fully developed national energy policy. It also asks whether they can be seen as in any way prototypes for more radical, interventionist types of regulatory agency, and whether, as some intmentionists would prefer, these agencies could play a more positive role in shaping the development of technology and technology policy.     

When economics harmonized mathematics in Japan: a history of stability analysis

This article discusses how economics was mathematized by Japanese theoretical economists with the cooperation of Japanese mathematicians before 1950. Mathematicians played the leading part in assimilating European scientific ideas and providing an internationally oriented attitude in Japan from the mid nineteenth century. They began to publish many updated textbooks in Japanese from around 1930 on. In the 1940s, Japanese mathematical economists were intensively studying the so-called stability problem, thereby mathematizing economics more rapidly than ever before. Their research activity will give us an interesting example of a process of organizing economic knowledge by introducing more mathematics into the economics literature.     

Pre-commercial procurement,procurement of innovative solutions and innovation partnerships in the EU: rationale and strategy

We discuss public procurement instruments for acquiring innovation, focusing on the European Pre-commercial Procurement, Procurement of Innovative Solutions and Innovation Partnerships. We analyse, in particular, how firms’ innovation incentives are affected by: (i) economies of scope and externalities between R&D and large-scale production; (ii) the degree of specificity of the innovation; (iii) the presence of Small and Medium Enterprises in the market and the level of market competition; (iv) the risk of market foreclosure and supplier lock-in. Our study contributes to the literature on incentives in demand-side innovation policy by tapping into the contractual design features and by offering relevant implications for academics and policy-makers.