中国制造业能源替代的区域差异

通过建立超越对数成本函数,首先测算了28个省份制造业资本、劳动和能源的替代关系,随后结合VAR模型,研究了28个省份的石油、电力和天然气对煤炭的替代关系。结果表明:就总体来看,制造业对资本依赖程度明显提高,且资本对劳动力和资本对能源都存在明显替代关系;虽然制造业的劳动力自价格弹性绝对值不断增大,但能源自价格弹性较低,甚至最近几年为正值;制造业生产过程中投入的石油和天然气都可以替代煤炭,但替代能力都较弱。从区域角度看,各地区制造业能源替代差异明显。     

中国农村生物质能源替代化石能源的影响因素——基于河北省无极县的抽样调查

以位于京津冀腹地的河北省无极县为研究对象,采用随机抽样方法对其农村居民的生活能源消费现状进行了问卷调查。采用相关分析、方差分析等统计分析方法对调查数据进行了较为深入的分析。分析发现:生物质能源利用不充分、利用方式不科学导致目前农村居民家庭能源消费向化石能源转变;农村居民对生物质能源的认知程度有显著提升,对生物质能源也有较大需求,这为生物质能源产业发展奠定了良好的市场需求基础;生物质能源产品与化石能源产品的能质差异、两类能源利用便捷度的差异、生物质燃料供应的持续性以及政府宣传和政策支持力度,是制约农户以生物质能源替代化石能源的主要因素。最后,有针对性地提出了相关的政策建议。     

山东省能源要素产出弹性、替代弹性的实证研究——基于超越对数生产函数的岭回归估计

构建了一个包含煤炭、石油、天然气和电力4种能源投入要素及时间趋势变量的超越对数生产函数,实证检验了1979—2009年山东省各能源要素的产出弹性、替代弹性及技术进步差异。结果表明:自改革开放以来,山东省的能源要素投入系统存在中性技术进步,技术进步率呈逐年递增趋势;山东省各能源要素的产出弹性逐年提高,按其均值由高到低排序依次是电力、石油、煤炭和天然气;1979—2009年期间煤炭与石油、煤炭与电力、石油与电力以及天然气与电力的替代弹性均大于1,石油与天然气的替代弹性虽然小于1,但自2000年后逐渐增大;山东省各能源要素的技术进步差异较小,按能源要素的技术进步率由高到低排序依次是煤炭、石油、电力和天然气。     

可再生能源正从“替代”转向“主流”

“21世纪可再生能源政策网络”论坛发布报告说,可再生能源正迅速从“替代能源”向“主流能源”转变,     

对我国制造业的能源替代关系研究

本文运用超越对数成本函数对我国1978-2005年制造业中的能源与资本、劳动之间的关系进行了分析,发现能源与资本之间存在很强的替代关系,能源与劳动之间也存在较强的替代关系.这种性质的替代关系的存在意味着:在保持给定的产出水平下,政府可以选择提高能源税收水平的政策,从而提高能源使用成本,促进资本对能源替代,达到节约能源和减少污染物排放的目的.     

资源替代与吉林省循环经济发展

我国各地发展循环经济的典型形式是在企业、工业园和省市三个不同层次上构建生态链条，重点是废弃物的资源化，目的在于解决资源环境问题；而对于循环经济发展中的资源替代模式，即从生产过程的源头就采用可再生资源对不可再生资源进行替代的研究甚少。吉林省应该以优势玉米为基础替代石油生产生物化工材料和生物能源，以“资源替代”作为循环经济发展的突破口。     

能源异质性及其与资本替代的非对称效应研究

以超越对数成本函数及弹性分析模型为基础,对1995~2013年中国制造业分行业典型能源消费与资本的替代弹性和替代特征进行分析,发现煤炭、电力、石油与资本之间的替代强度及方向存在显著差异。并运用MES弹性模型分析表明,受控于要素价格变化触发的来源不同,制造业整体表现出资本替代能源、能源互补资本的反向非对称特征,在资本密集型行业与劳动密集型行业中替代的方向与大小亦存在显著的非对称性。这种替代非对称效应表明,中国现阶段实现制造业整体节能及推动节能技术使用的路径适用性上,可以考虑借力于资本替代能源的视角。但是,在综合各类能源研究工业能源政策时,必须充分考虑行业能源消费类型不同及与资本替代的异质性差异和非对称效应的存在,才能使得产业能源政策制定具有针对性和有效性。     

能源消费弹性系数与国内替代能源预期

能源消费弹性系数反映了一个国家能源消费增长速度与国民经济增长速度之间的比例关系,是衡量一个国家能源利用效率的重要指标.准确把握能源消费弹性系数的变化规律,对于确保我国能源供给安全和建设资源节约型社会都具有重要意义.在能源危机、资源短缺的今天,产出水平进一步提高将日益明显地表现出受制于自然-资源稀缺性的特征.因此,经济理论在今后所关注的问题将是如何降低自然资源的消费.我国人口众多,是能源消耗大国,面临能源危机的现实考虑之一是选择替代能源,替代能源将大大缓解自然资源的消耗.文章分析了改革开放以来我国的能源消费弹性系数与国内替代能源预期.     

让“生物质能源”替代燃油——从陈金义开发乳化油想到能

针对实际，浙江率先提出发展生物质能源替代燃油，以减少石油基产品消耗量，借以缓解大气污染。生物质能源基本符合“开发与利用可再生能源……鼓励农村推广生物质能，推广应用醇类燃料和秸秆气化等技术”的要求。     

基于节能减排的新疆低碳型替代能源发展问题研究

当今,全球气候变暖,环境日趋恶劣,与能源问题相关联的温室气体排放以及低碳型替代能源的开发被提到了议事日程上来,环境保护成为越来越关注的问题.文章详细阐述了新疆低碳型替代能源发展的相关问题,并分析了新疆常规能源和低碳型替代能源发展的现状,以及影响新疆低碳型替代能源发展的因素与存在的问题,提出了节能减排这一概念,进而预测低碳型替代能源发展的趋势,并据此提出了新疆低碳型替代能源发展的对策和建议.     

China’s manufacturing performance from a multilateral perspective: 1980–2004

This paper examines international competitiveness of China’s manufacturing industry during the period of 1980–2004 from a multilateral perspective in terms of purchasing power parities, relative price levels, labor productivity and unit labor costs. The various measures of PPPs in China’s manufacturing industry are found to be approximately 3.7 RMB per international dollar in the base year 1997. Since the mid-1980s, the relative price of China’s manufacturing products has been declined and is the lowest compared with the US, UK, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The unit labor cost is found to show a declining trend with some fluctuation. The labor productivity of China’s manufacturing industry is relatively low and is found to converge with other countries since 1992. __________ Translated from Economic Research Journal (经济研究), 2005, (12) (in Chinese)     

货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型——解析"中国之谜"与长期流动性过剩

Chinese excessive liquidity problems are more serious than other main countries. The upgrading industrial structure and the increasing opening degree lead to the excessive money demand and higher money demand elasticity. Bad credits weaken money supply effectiveness and lead to illusive increasing money. We set up the money market disequilibrium model under the condition of the excessive liquidity. The imbalance between money demand and money supply is the key of Chinese excessive liquidity problems. __________ Translated from Jingji lilun yu jingji guanli 经济理论与经济管理(Economic Theory and Business Management), 2007, (11): 38–44     

An analysis of China’s global industrial competitive strength based on vertical specialization

At the beginning of the 1990s, China witnessed an increase in its international competitive strength in technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries, and a decrease in strength in labor-intensive industries. This paper analyzes the effect of vertical specialization on China’s international industrial competitive strength, explores how different industries have varying reactions under its implementation, and employs theory to explain the possible causes of these reactions. It is found that vertical specialization can help to strengthen China’s global industrial competitiveness, and on that basis, some suggestions are given on how to improve that competitiveness. __________ Translated from Shijie Jingji 世界经济 (Journal of World Economy), 2006(5): 12–21     

FDI, domestic capital and economic growth: Evidence from panel data at China’s provincial level

Based on panel data at the provincial level in China, this paper found that direct effects foreign direct investment (FDI) had on economic growth were of insignificance. However, through improving technical efficiency and “crowding” in domestic investment, FDI produced positive effects on China’s economy. The state sector still played a major part in the total fixed investment, therefore, direct effects on growth were significant. Although private sector was increasingly important for the whole economy, it had no direct influences on economic growth. Meanwhile, neither the state sector nor private sector made contribution to the improvement on technical efficiency. __________ Translated from Shijie Jingji Wenhui 世界经济文汇 (World Economic Papers), 2006, (4): 27–43     

中国西部地区的能源开发与经济增长——基于"资源诅咒"假说的实证分析

Based on resource curse hypothesis, this paper carries out an econometric analysis on the relationship and its transmission mechanism between energy exploitation and economic growth with cross-province panel data over 1991–2006. Results reveal that there is the significantly negative correlation between energy exploitation and economic growth, which indicates since the 1990s, the resource curse effect from energy exploitation has appeared evidently; though, before the implementation of the Western development strategy, energy exploitation acted negatively on opening degree, S&T innovation and human capital input, the effect was yet uncreated. However, after the implementation of the strategy, the effect emerged evidently as a result of the enhanced negative effect of energy exploitation on S&T innovation and human capital input. Moreover, further tests indicate that energy exploitation impeded economic growth mainly through three indirect transmission channels: The crowding-out effect towards human capital input and S&T innovation, and the weakening of institution aroused by rent-seeking and corruption. And among them, human capital input is the strongest transmission factor. __________ Translated from Jingji yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (4): 147–160     

FDI技术溢出渠道与中国制造业生产率增长研究:基于面板数据的分析

This paper analyses total factor productivity (TFP) of China’s manufacturing sector and its decomposed indexes, i.e., technological progress and technological efficiency by employing Malmquist productivity index based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Using panel data of domestic manufacturing sector in China from 2000 to 2005, we estimate the influences of horizontal and vertical linkages on TFP and its decomposition indexes by controlling R&D and exports indexes of domestic manufacturing sector. The empirical results show that R&D and exports have a positive effect on TFP and that FDI inflows lead to positive spillovers significantly in general mainly through technological progress resulting from backward linkages; however, forward linkages have no technology spillover effect while horizontal linkages promote TFP through technological efficiency which has quite different influencing modes compared to that of backward and forward linkages. The grouping regression results also show that FDI technology spillovers have different conductive mechanisms under different technological levels, industry concentrations and export dependency indexes. Translated and Revised from Shijie Jingji 世界经济 (The Journal of World Economy), 2008, (8): 20–31     

Economic structural reform and China’s financial security

The authors believe that the financial operation based on the issuance of paper money in excess of economic capacity resulting from dependence on the state investment is the central manifestation of factors of China’s financial insecurity. The financial support for the economic reform, the financial reform and the impact of globalization constitute the major logic of its formation. The fundamentals to safeguard financial security lie in the persistence of the state’s comprehensive development strategy, so as to maintain long-term accumulation of the state’s net wealth and the stability of faith in markets. Translated from Jingji Lilun yu Jingji Guanli 经济理论与经济맜理 (Economic Theory and Business Management), 2006, (7): 5–12     

Engine or drag: Can high energy consumption and CO2 emission drive the sustainable development of Chinese industry?

To analyze China industrial sustainable development featured with high energy consumption and high CO₂ emission, this paper constructs the input and output panel data of China’s 38 sub-industries, estimates their productivity and carries out the green growth accounting based on translog production function. This paper concludes that, as a whole, China industry has achieved the transformation from extensive to intensive growth, with the productivity to be the first driving force, that is necessary to sustainable development in the long run. In addition to technical progress, energy and capital have also been driving the industrial growth during the sample period, while labor and emission made less even negative contribution to it. Some heavy industries, however, are still characterized by extensive growth and must improve their energy-save and emission-abate technology to favor the sustainable development of overall Chinese industry.     

The relationship among money supply, banking lending and aggregate demand in China: 1994–2006

Based on the framework of Bernanke & Blinader (1988) and Walsh (2003), this paper provides a concise analysis for relationship among money supply, banking lending and aggregate demand; and makes an empirical test on relationship among China’s money supply, banking lending and aggregate demand from 1994 to 2006 by adopting the single-equation regressive model and vector autoregressive model in terms of Keynesian structural model and monetarism simplified model. The result shows that money supply and banking lending have both played a driving role on real economy. Because of non-market interest rates, Keynesian structural model cannot explain the transmission mechanism of China monetary policies better than monetarism simplified model. __________ Translated from Jingji kexue 经济科学 (Economic Science), 2008, (1): 5–15     

The approach to transforming the traditional agricultural economy: a research on the multiple paths of poverty alleviation and transformation in rural China

Transforming a traditional agricultural economy into a modern economy is one of the main themes in economic development. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper finds out that the key to transformation is to raise the economic value of people, to improve human capital investment and to match the stocks of physical and human capital. China’s rural economy is on the edge of economic take-off, and different zones may pursue different paths for transformation. The source of rural poverty is not the scarcity of income or consumption, but the deficiency of education, social security, medical care and economic opportunity, which we define as “capability poverty”. __________ Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(2) (in Chinese)