Empirical generalizations of demand and supply dynamics for movies

High financial risks in production and marketing, the hedonic nature of products, and the global cultural relevance of movies have encouraged a substantial number of researchers to analyze the success drivers of movies. This research provides empirical generalizations in managing the supply and demand of motion pictures. Prior empirical research either ignored the endogeneity of box office and screen allocation or was based on selective samples, ignoring the large amount of smaller movies released to the market. Using two large and unique samples of all movies released in two major movie markets, the US (2000–2010; n = 2098) and Germany (2002–2010; n = 1360), we extend prior research and present empirical generalizations and new fields of research.     

Taking private labels upmarket: Empirical generalizations on category drivers of premium private label introductions

Premium private labels (PLs) are considered one of the hottest trends in grocery retailing. Still, retailers do not feel the need to introduce premium PLs in every category. Generalizing across approximately 150 categories for six retailers from two countries that already carry premium PLs for several years, the authors find that retailers are more likely to introduce premium PLs in categories with a higher industry PL share, and with a more proliferated assortment in terms of standard PLs. However, retailers are also aware of the risk of creating PL fatigue at high levels of standard PL proliferation. Further, premium PLs are more likely to be introduced in categories with more frequent price promotions, a longer interpurchase time, a higher need for variety, and higher functional, but lower social, risk. In addition, retailers consider category growth and the prevailing practice of their country's premium-PL pioneer when deciding in which categories to also introduce a premium PL. Finally, when NBs spend a smaller amount on advertising and NB proliferation is moderate, premium PL introductions are more likely. Importantly, while some of the earlier empirical generalizations on factors conducive to a standard PL entry still hold for a premium PL entry, new variables need to be considered as well, while other insights need to be updated to better reflect the new reality of higher-quality/higher-price premium PL introductions.     

Modeling advertising impact at campaign level: Empirical generalizations relative to long-term advertising profit contribution and its antecedents

Research on advertising effectiveness is focused on sales and provides few empirical generalizations on profitability and its antecedents. To fill this gap, we develop an econometric model to capture the impact of advertising at campaign level, using retail panel data coupled with TV audience tracking data. Our study involves 31 brands from six packaged goods categories observed weekly and nationally over 4 years and representing 264 TV campaigns. Although we confirm empirical generalizations on the capacity of advertising to increase sales, we establish a different picture for profitability. Only 11 % of campaigns make a positive contribution to profit. Advertising is more profitable for challengers and medium brands, whereas leaders and small brands (recent or established) have a lower profitability. Advertising intensity in the category and campaign carry-over emerge as the strongest (respectively) negative and positive drivers of profitability. The antecedents of carry-over are also analyzed and discussed.     

Enjoyment and social influence: predicting mobile payment adoption

Models of technology adoption, notably the Technology Acceptance Model and the Unified Theories of Acceptance and Use of Technology, provide good theoretical foundations for understanding mobile payment adoption. This study extends these frameworks by incorporating perceived enjoyment, social influence, knowledge and perceived risk. Replications of established theories are tested in a new context of young people's adoption of mobile payment. Subsequent hypotheses test an extended theoretical framework using an online survey (N?=?316). The extended model improves previous models by explaining 62% of variation in intention to use. Against expectations, perceived ease of use had no significant effect on perceived usefulness and intention to use. The study contributes to advancing understanding of perceived enjoyment which had no direct effect on adoption intention but a significant effect on perceived ease of use and usefulness. Social influence reduces perceived risk, and further contribution is made by noting that perceived enjoyment lowers perceived risk.     

The influence of advertising on the demand for chocolate confectionery

This paper addresses the impact of advertising on the size of five European chocolate confectionery markets: Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. It is prompted by suggestions that advertising may be responsible for excessive consumption of confectionery by children. The literature on whether advertising affects the total market size is not one-sided but the balance of previous research indicates market effects to be less likely. Chocolate confectionery in Western Europe is a mature market in slow decline. We found no significant association between the weight of advertising and market growth with either contemporaneous or lagged effects. There was, however, negative correlation between market size and price, as was to be expected. The results were consistent across the five countries.     

The influence of demand factors on dynamic competitive pricing strategy: An empirical study

This empirical paper investigates the relationship between the dynamic strategic interactions among competitors in a component market and demand factors in the market for the end product. The structure of competition in the US microprocessor (MPU) industry is analyzed using data on prices and sales in both the MPU market as well as the market for personal computers. The pattern of dynamic strategic interaction between competing firms in this market on a key decision variable, price is studied. Non-nested model comparison tests based on equilibrium solutions derived for specific differential games are applied to identify the mode of competitive strategy between pairs of competing brands. The empirical fit to the longitudinal and cross-sectional data, of alternative models of competition, independent (Bertrand?CNash), Stackelberg leader?Cfollower, and Collusion, is used to determine which dynamic model best describes actual competitive behavior over the life of each MPU. Demand for the product market which is downstream from microprocessors, that for personal computers, is estimated using a generalized diffusion model with price effects. Data from the markets for desktop and laptop computers are analyzed at the level of computer vendor and internal microprocessor. Patterns are uncovered, linking downstream demand parameters with upstream competitive strategy. There is evidence to suggest that when there are strong diffusion effects driving sales of both the competing computer brands, there is a higher likelihood of Bertrand?CNash competition among MPU firms. However, when there are higher cross-price effects (substitutability) among personal computer brands there is a greater chance of Stackelberg leader?Cfollower price competition. When self-price effects are relatively high, the likelihood of Bertrand?CNash competition among MPU firms increases. Furthermore, when the potential demand for the computer product category is high, there is a higher likelihood of Bertrand?CNash pricing in the MPU market.     

Store inventory can affect demand: Empirical evidence from magazine retailing

In retailing, inventory analysis and inventory practice have traditionally been based on the assumption that underlying demand does not vary with inventory levels. A growing body of research supports the contention that the validity of this assumption has significant implications for optimal inventory policies. The concern for such inventory effects motivated a major US magazine publisher to conduct the market study documented in this article. It presents empirical evidence that demand can indeed vary with inventory, and it quantifies the magnitude of these inventory effects which are twofold. An inventory decrease for one brand can, first, result in a decrease of demand for the brand and, second, in an increase of demand for a competing brand. These observations support the expansion of the traditional Newsvendor model to include inventory effects as well as the practice to make inventory decisions for retail categories rather than individual brands.     

Empirical research in electronic meeting systems a demand side approach

This study set out to empirically research the time spent by managers in meetings and to identify the requirements of an information technology system for supporting meetings. It does this by investigating the time commitment, efficiency, main problems, and benefits of meetings. In addition, it examines managers’ attitudes towards information technology support for meetings. To fulfill this aim, more than 1,000 mainly middle level managers were surveyed.

It emerges that a total of 22.4% of working time is spent in meetings; 34% of this time expenditure is rated inefficient. The opportunity for collective decision making and exchange of information are seen as the main benefits whereas the failure to identify critical items and agendas without priorities and targets are seen as the main problems. Analysis of their attitudes towards technological support of meetings shows that managers in principle have a positive attitude toward the idea. They specifically wish to see particular support for the preparatory and follow‐up phases and tools to support qualitative‐creative tasks.     

浅谈公司治理对企业社会责任的影响

文章从公司的治理研究入手,详细的分析了企业社会责任与公司治理的关系,并有效地进行了内部和外部的治理机制验证,得到企业社会责任的进一步升华.     

试论电子商务对社会经济的影响

电子商务对社会经济产生巨大影响表现是:在知识经济的发展过程中起着关键的促进作用;对全球经济一体化的形成产生巨大影响;促进世界经济的发展;加快世界经济结构的调整和重组;催化许多新行业的产生;改变商务活动和企业的经营运作方式;形成全新的金融业。     

新媒体时代品牌危机分阶段归因及态度实证研究

现阶段越来越多的品牌危机由用户通过社交新媒体曝光和传播,危机演化过程与以往不同,消费者的危机归因和品牌态度也存在动态变化。本文将利用归因理论和态度改变模型探索新媒体情境下归因和态度变化的特征,实证研究发现,在危机曝光阶段和确认阶段,危机归因的三个维度(来源地、可控性、稳定性)与阶段品牌态度显著相关,且来源地、稳定性归因与态度相关性在确认阶段增强。另外,在曝光阶段,品牌承诺在来源地归因、稳定性归因对品牌态度的影响中有显著的调节作用。     

河南省物流需求影响因素实证分析

本文基于区域物流需求理论,通过多元线性回归分析分别从河南省经济增长、技术进步、产业结构升级、区位优势等影响因素对河南省物流的需求量进行定量分析。研究结果表明,GDP产值、社会消费品零售总额、第三产业产值、第二产业占GDP的比重、3种主要专利授权数、公路里程与物流需求有显著的关系。     

Customer engagement in online social crowdfunding: The influence of storytelling technique on donation performance

Crowdfunding has become a key approach in connecting people and equality distribution mechanisms. Digitalization enables various crowdfunding platforms to be built online for different purposes, one of those being donation crowdfunding for social purposes. To capture attention and obtain sufficient donations, customer engagement is a key focus for these platforms. To engage customer emotion and cognition, social crowdfunding content must be captivating. Storytelling techniques are one of the most popular approaches in creating engaging content. It is essential to explore the relationship between storytelling, customer engagement, and successful achievement of donations. This research explores the different effects of direct vs. indirect storytelling techniques on social-issue crowdfunding campaigns. Data from a crowdfunding platform suggest that storytelling techniques have a significant positive effect on customer engagement and donation performance, particularly the direct storytelling technique. However, customer engagement does not serve as a mediator between storytelling and donation performance. This study fills the research gap regarding digital customer engagement, particularly in the social purpose context. The theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.     

市场影响力对企业领导者创新欲望影响的实证研究

本文在以往研究的基础上提出市场影响力对企业领导者创新欲望具有正向影响作用的研究命题,构建相应概念模型,并通过对企业进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型进行研究检验,研究表明,企业的市场影响力对企业领导者创新欲望具有显著正向影响作用.根据研究结论,文章指出要想提高中国企业自主创新活跃度,就必须有效提高企业的市场影响力,培育良好的品牌和建立良好的企业声誉.     

Corporate social responsibility in international joint ventures: Empirical examinations in South Korea

This study aims to investigate organizational characteristics and develop a framework relating to corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of international joint ventures (IJVs) established in the South Korean market. Based on institutional and stakeholder theories, regression analyses produced a framework facilitating a better understanding and identification of factors that drive CSR in local markets. Consumers, competitors, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were discovered to be primary determinants of responsible behaviors. Additionally, some significant differences were found with respect to CSR related to IJV’s formative characteristics. This study contributes to furthering knowledge of IJVs and CSR, as well by providing some practical implications for organizations pursuing international markets.     

产业转移对环境影响的实证分析

产业转移对环境的影响因污染外部性的大小而异。本文通过对外部性不同的污染分别建立模型,实证分析了产业转移对环境的影响,结果表明:产业转移与水污染的关系为N型曲线,与气污染的关系为正的线性关系,与固体废弃物的关系为倒N型关系,就目前所处的阶段看,产业转移与外部性大的污染为正相关关系,与外部性小的污染为负相关关系。     

The influence of personal and social identity on the clothing consumption of adolescents

We consider the influence of personal and social identity among adolescents on the importance they attach to clothing products and brands. The conceptual framework includes more conventional variables such as socialization (family, peers, media, and celebrities) and individual characteristics (gender and grade level). Based on a sample of 1,596 French high school adolescents, our results highlight: (i) the influence of identity on the importance attached to product and brand; (ii) the mediating effects of personal and social identities; and (iii) the moderating effects of gender and grade level. We conclude with an analysis of theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research directions. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing the influence of marketing research on the social science literature

Citation analysis indicates that theJournal of Marketing and theJournal of Marketing Research contribute primarily to marketing and other business areas as opposed to nonbusiness social sciences. The journals are also heavily cited by practitioner-oriented publications. A list of most cited articles is provided.The authors acknowledge the research funding from Washington State University and the National University of Singapore for this project.     

The impact structure of social capital on corporate performance: Empirical evidence from listed companies in China

Vertical relationships with the government, particular relational capital and organizational social network capital, constitute corporate social capital (CSC). Using the empirical data of 97 listed companies in China, this paper examines the impact of CSC on corporate performance, finds that CSC has a positive impact on sales revenue but an insignificant impact on the improvement of ROA. More specifically, when a firm enlarges its sales revenue, the function of organizational network capital is stronger than that of a particular relational capital and that of governmental connections. The paper also finds that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have more advantages in using governmental connections, therefore leading to better social status than non-SOEs do, who have fewer advantages in using any particular relational capital. The article suggests that managers should appraise carefully the effectiveness of CSC, and combine it with other resources; firms should distinguish the structure of the impact of CSC on performance improvement in a dynamic way. With respect to the implication of this paper, it could help in analyzing firm behaviors in the transitional China. Translated from paper in International Symposium on Entrepreneur Research and Education, 2006, April (in Chinese)