财政支出、贸易开放与收入分配

作为收入再分配的政策工具,财政支出无法改变贸易开放所带来的初次收入分配不公,而贸易开放对财政支出规模的影响又将扭曲财政支出的收入分配效应.实证研究表明:(1)整体上看,财政支出、贸易开放均显著扩大了收入差距;(2)任何预算结构、支出类别的财政支出均无法显著影响贸易开放规模,这表明财政支出无法通过影响贸易开放规模来间接影响其收入分配效应;(3)贸易开放将显著抑制公共财政预算支出规模,以及不同类别的财政总支出规模,这表明贸易开放能够通过影响财政支出规模来间接影响其收入分配效应.因此,贸易开放将在一定程度上限制、扭曲财政支出的收入分配效应.在不断优化财政支出收入分配调节能力的同时,也要充分认识到其有限性.     

贸易开放、要素禀赋与中国省际政府规模:1997-2013

政府规模的膨胀是否源于贸易开放?在学术界仍是一个充满争议的话题。本文基于中国1997-2013年中国省际面板数据,利用工具变量和GMM估计研究了贸易开放、要素禀赋对政府规模的影响。结果表明:传统研究中贸易开放和要素禀赋对政府规模的影响被低估,政府在贸易开放中扮演"守夜人"角色,贸易开放对政府规模的膨胀有明显抑制作用,而要素禀赋对政府规模的扩张有显著的促进作用,且两者间存在一定的替代效应。此外,两者对政府规模的影响呈现显著区域差异。这一结论在考虑到不同的代理指标和样本特征影响后依然稳健。基于上述结论,本文就贸易开放、要素禀赋和政府规模的协调发展提出相关政策和建议。     

国际服务贸易模式与服务贸易自由化研究

本文基于服务贸易模式视角,研究服务贸易模式的内涵、形式、统计特征和模式联动效应,分析服务贸易模式与服务贸易自由化的关系.服务贸易自由化对于国际贸易具有重要意义,服务贸易模式及其联动效应影响服务贸易自由化进程.服务贸易模式的分类直接与国际服务贸易统计密切相关,影响服务贸易的真实规模;而区分不同贸易模式对应下的服务贸易壁垒有利于准确评估服务贸易自由化的绩效,从而推动国际服务贸易的发展.基于上述研究,本文得出相应的政策含义:一国政府制定服务贸易政策时,只有在不同服务贸易部门之间和同一服务贸易部门内部不同贸易模式之间进行很好的综合平衡,才能最大限度地获取服务贸易自由化的收益.     

我国进出口贸易对社会保险水平的影响——基于VEC模型的计量分析

随着对外开放深化和世界经济全球化加速,进出口贸易对我国宏观经济的影响越来越大,在政府公共支出乃至社会保险水平方面尤其明显.从效率假说和补偿假说的视角切入,采用中国1995～2013年相关指标的面板数据,建立了外贸总额与社会保险支出额的双变量VEC模型,分析了进出口贸易对社会保险支出的动态效应.研究表明,在宏观意义上,20世纪末期我国是以效率假说为主的,而21世纪以来,逐渐向补偿假说转变.     

税收分享、征税努力与地方公共支出行为——基于全国县级面板数据的研究

本文将政府间基于共同税基的税收分享定义为共享税收分享,把按地方所产生税收在政府间的事实归宿定义为实际税收分享.基于全国县级面板数据,我们实证分析了两类税收分享对地方支出行为的效应及作用机制.研究发现,不同性质税收分享对地方支出规模效应不同:共享税收分享具有激励效应,其每提高1％,地方支出规模增加0.08％;实际税收分享有抑制效应,其每增加1％,支出规模降低0.112％.共享税收分享对生产性和福利性支出分别存在显著正向和负向效应,而实际税收分享的效应恰恰相反.此外,共享和实际税收分享对地方支出结构的效应也显著不同.地方征税努力是税收分享对支出行为作用的一个传导途径:税收分享通过征税努力产生间接收入效应,并与税收分享的直接收入效应综合影响地方收入,从而影响支出规模并促使地方调整支出决策.     

明显的驱动源--广东省与全国外商直接投资贸易效应对比

外商直接投资的贸易效应体现在四个方面,其一是贸易替代效应,即静态角度,一种商品可以通过贸易或投资方式进入一国市场,选择了投资,便会替代贸易,其二是贸易创造效应,即外商直接投资可以在母国和东道国之间创造新贸易机会,使贸易在更大的规模上进行,其三是贸易 补充大的规模上进行,其三是贸易补充效应,外商直接投资往往事来维修等后续的支持性活动的发,从而直接促进和增加贸易机会,其四是市场扩张效应,外商直接实现的生产扩大,既会加深对东道国的市场渗透,也会进一步拓展新的第三国市场,从而使贸易导向的生产带来总贸易量的净增。     

数字金融对出口贸易变动的影响:加工贸易与一般贸易

本文利用2011年～2017年间我国286个地级市数据,采用双向固定效应、调节与中介效应、PSM等多种方式验证了数字金融下融资条件的提高对不同贸易方式下出口贸易规模的影响.研究发现:总体上来看,融资条件的提高促进了一般贸易与加工贸易的出口规模;从影响机制来看,地区经济发展水平起到了正向的调节作用,政府财政支持则表现出负...     

消费习惯偏好、政府支出扩张与产出效应

本文基于具有消费习惯偏好的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,运用数值模拟技术分析了我国政府支出扩张对消费和产出的影响.研究发现,政府支出扩张虽然能有效增加社会总产出,但对私人消费产生了挤出效应,从而形成了我国“高增长-低消费”的特殊经济格局.同时,研究还表明,低消费习惯偏好下政府支出的政策效果显著优于高消费习惯偏好下政府支出的政策效果.因此,要保证国民经济持续健康有效地运行,除了降低政府支出占国内生产总值的比重外,还应优化财政支出结构,降低居民消费习惯偏好,使政府支出有利于居民消费增长.     

贸易与环境相关性的经济学解析

本文根据我国目前面对的国际国内形势,通过贸易对环境影响的规模效应、结构效应、产品和技术效应以及收入效应分析我国贸易发展中出现的环境问题,并分析环境保护对贸易结构的影响以及环境管制对国际竞争力的影响。     

地方政府竞争、城市蔓延与政府债务扩张

本文在系统诠释地方政府竞争通过城市蔓延作用于政府债务扩张的逻辑机理基础上,利用2006—2019年265个城市面板数据,考察了地方政府债务扩张与政府竞争间的关系。研究发现地方政府竞争显著提高了城投债的发行规模和发行概率,该影响在人口流出城市更为显著。机制分析表明地方政府竞争会加剧城市空间的低密度和分散化蔓延,引起城市规模效应减弱和基础设施建设与维护费用支出增加,迫使地方政府以债融资,从而带来地方政府债务扩张。进一步通过空间计量模型分析发现,地方政府间竞争引致的城市蔓延显著刺激了城市自身及邻近城市的政府债务扩张。本文通过研究城市蔓延在地方政府竞争对政府债务扩张过程中的影响机制,为防范化解政府债务风险提出政策建议。     

The dynamics of trade and competition

We estimate a version of the Melitz and Ottaviano [Melitz, Marc J. and Ottaviano, Gianmarco I.P., 2008, Market size, trade, and productivity, Review of Economic Studies 75(1), pp. 295-316.] model of international trade with firm heterogeneity. The model is constructed to yield testable implications for the dynamics of prices, productivity and markups as functions of openness to trade at a sectoral level. The theory lends itself naturally to a difference in differences estimation, with international differences in trade openness at the sector level reflecting international differences in the competitive structure of markets. Predictions are derived for the effects of both domestic and foreign openness on each economy. Using disaggregated data for EU manufacturing over the period 1989-1999 we find short run evidence that trade openness exerts a competitive effect, with prices and markups falling and productivity rising. The response of profit margins to openness has implications on the conduct of monetary policy. Consistent with the predictions of some recent theoretical models we find some, albeit weaker, support that the long run effects are more ambiguous and may even be anti-competitive. Domestic trade liberalization also appears to induce pro-competitive effects on overseas markets.     

Trade openness,tax reform and tax revenue in developing countries

This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more importantly, countries that further open up their economies to international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness. Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.     

The spillover effects of China's monetary policy shock: Evidence from B&R countries

This paper examines the international spillover effects of China's monetary policy shock on macro and financial variables in 26 countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) from 2000 to 2019. We find that a surprise Chinese monetary tightening brings about a widening in the short-term interest rate spread, a drop in the equity price, nominal depreciation against the RMB and real depreciation, and an improvement in the trade balance, on average, across the 26 B&R countries. Moreover, substantial heterogeneous effects emerge in the responses of the foreign real exchange rate and the trade balance in different groups in terms of the 26 countries' trade weights with China, capital openness, and national income levels. Finally, all the empirical evidence reveals that the expenditure switching effect plays an important role in facilitating the international transmission of China's monetary policy shock.     

Customs-related Transaction Costs,Firm Size and International Trade Intensity

customs are generally perceived as a time-consuming impediment to international trade. However, few studies have empirically examined the determinants and the impact of this type of government-imposed transaction costs. This paper analyses the role of firm size as a determinant of customs-related transaction costs, as well as the effect of firm size on the relationship between these costs and the international trade intensity of firms. The results of this study indicate that customs-related transaction costs repress international trade activities of firms, even at low levels of these costs. The paper identifies transaction-related economies of scale, simplified customs procedures and advanced information and communication technology as main determinants of customs-related transaction costs. It is shown that when these factors are taken into account, firm size has no effect on customs-related transaction costs. Policy implications are considered for firm strategy and public policy.     

The Long‐run Relationship Between Trade and Population Health: Evidence from Five Decades

In recent years, the increase in international trade has sparked a debate about the impact of international trade on population health. To date, however, there has been very little econometric research on the relationship between these two variables. This paper examines the long‐run relationship between trade openness and population health for a sample of 74 countries over five decades, from 1960 to 2010. Using panel time‐series techniques, it is shown that international trade in general has a robust positive long‐run effect on health, as measured by life expectancy and infant mortality. This effect tends to be greater in countries with lower development levels, higher taxes on income, profits, and capital gains, and less restrictive business and labour market regulations.     

中国服务贸易开放度研究

入世前中国在入世议定书中对服务贸易的开放作出了相关承诺。如今中国入世已近10年,服务贸易对外开放的进展情况如何?本文就这个问题采用修正过的对外贸易比率法进行了实证研究,并用同样的方法研究了美国的服务贸易开放度,然后对中美服务贸易开放度进行了比较。研究结果表明,中国服务贸易处于一个相对较高的水平,服务贸易开放的现状与我国入世承诺基本一致。     

贸易开放、人力资本与中国能源消耗

文章从贸易开放对中国能源消耗产生的影响这一基本问题出发,将人力资本纳入分析视角,研究了贸易开放、人力资本对中国能源消耗的直接效应和交互效应。利用中国2001-2012年30个省份的统计数据,运用固定效应回归模型和面板门槛回归模型进行了实证研究,结果表明：贸易开放对能源消耗的直接效应呈倒“U”型曲线关系,即在贸易开放水平较低时,提高贸易开放水平将增加能源消耗量并提高能源消耗强度;当贸易开放水平较高时,提高贸易开放水平反而能促使能源消耗量和能源消耗强度降低。人力资本对能源消耗的直接效应显著为负,提高人力资本要素积累将促进地区经济增长从物质资本驱动型向人力资本驱动型转变。贸易开放与人力资本对能源消耗的交互效应在人力资本处于较高的门槛区间时显著为负,说明贸易开放在人力资本较高的地区将促进该地区专业化生产节能降耗的人力资本密集型产品,从而降低地区能源消耗量并提高能源利用效率。     

Openness and income: The roles of trade and migration

This paper explores the relationship between openness to trade, immigration, and income per person across countries. To address endogeneity concerns we extend the instrumental-variables strategy introduced by Frankel and Romer (1999). We build predictors of openness to immigration and to trade for each country by using information on bilateral geographical and cultural distance (while controlling for country size). Since geography may affect income through other channels, we also control for climate, disease environment, natural resources, and colonial origins. Most importantly, we also account for the roles of institutions and early development. Our instrumental-variables estimates provide evidence of a robust, positive effect of openness to immigration on long-run income per capita. In contrast, we are unable to establish an effect of trade openness on income. We also show that the effect of migration operates through an increase in total factor productivity, which appears to reflect increased diversity in productive skills and, to some extent, a higher rate of innovation.     

Dynamic openness and finance in Africa

This study assesses dynamics of openness and finance in Africa by integrating financial development dynamics of depth, activity and size in the assessment of how financial, trade, institutional, political and other openness policies (of second generation structural and institutional reforms) have affected financial development. The empirical evidence is based on Generalized Method of Moments with data from 28 African countries for the period 1996–2010. The following findings are established. (1) While the de jure (KAOPEN) indicator of financial openness improves financial depth, the de facto (FDI) measurement decreases it, with the effect of the latter measure positive on financial size. (2) Whereas trade openness improves financial depth, its effect on financial activity and size is negative. (3) Institutional openness has a positive effect on financial dynamics of depth and activity, while its effect on financial size is negative. (4) Political openness and economic freedom are detrimental to financial depth and activity. Justifications for these nexuses are discussed.     

Trade openness,income levels,and economic growth: The case of developing countries, 1970–2009

This paper attempts to investigate the extent to which trade openness has had an impact on the levels of income and rates of growth in a sample of 115 developing countries for the period 1970–2009. Additionally, to assess whether there is an income level threshold for a country to benefit from international trade, the sample is broken down into three mutually exclusive groups of countries: low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income countries. The main novelty of the paper lies on the use, on the one hand, of a new and better trade openness measure and, on the other hand, of non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to cope with the problem of cross-sectional dependence. The results show a positive bi-directional relationship between trade openness and income level in the long run, thus suggesting that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of income. The results for the short run, that is, the link between openness growth and economic growth, go in the same direction.