企业性质的演化经济学解释--基于对正统经济学解释基础的批判

研究企业成长与发展问题最为重要的是对企业性质的正确解释。由于正统经济学的解释基础(最大化假定和均衡方法)的缺陷，其始终无法令人信服地解释企业成长现象。而演化经济学把对企业性质的解释建立在动态的、不断演化的知识和能力集合的基础上，有利于更好理解和分析现实生活中的企业成长和发展规律。     

演化经济学对竞争力的解释

对竞争的理解是贯穿经济思想发展史的核心内容,但经济学家对于竞争的理解却存在很大的分歧,大致说来,可分为两类:一类是对竞争作静态的均衡分析;另一类则将竞争看作是一个动态的过程。主要说明演化经济学对竞争力的解释,对纳尔逊和温特为代表的变异-选择理论的三个方面进行动态分析。     

环境管制与企业竞争力

面临国际环保大趋势 ,环境问题越来越受到国家和企业的关注。政府出台了越来越多的环境管制措施 ,影响到企业的投资决策。本文从产品环境质量角度分析严格的环境标准给企业带来的决策变化有利于增强其竞争力 ,论证制定适度严格的环境政策的必要性和积极意义。     

国外关于环境管制与竞争力理论研究综述

近几十年来，世界有关环保组织不断增强对环境保护的呼吁，消费者对企业生产行为产生环境危害的关注意识不断提高并对环境产品的要求也在不断增加，各国政府都陆续采取越来越严格的环境法规和标准对企业的生产行为进行约束，企业对环境问题的反应也从抵制到消极服从进而     

企业差异演化经济学的解释

企业差异性不能完全依赖于企业的总体技术水平和要素组合的差异来解释。造成企业异质性的惯例主要包括:企业积累的经验与知识的专用性、企业对其积累的经验与技巧有意识的保护以及积累的经验、知识被磨损的程度。虽然技术与规模对企业的绩效有着重要影响,但它们不是造成企业差异的主要因素。     

经济学对竞争力的解释

经济学理论体系是一个从抽象到具体,即逐步放松假条件的逻辑框架。对竞争力可以不同的假条件为前提,从不同面进行分析和研究。经济学的各个分支学科都可以对竞争力研究做出贡献,但由于各分支学科的假设前提和分析工具不同,所以,所关注的影响竞争力的主要因素也有一定的区别,竞争力经济学的研究可以分为三个层次：竞争力理论经济学、竞争力应用经济学和竞争力研究。在抽象层次上的研究主要运用理论经济学的逻辑方法,而当进入较具体层次的研究领域,则越来越倾向于经济学和管理学的结合。     

法国调节学派制度与演化经济学概述

自20世纪70年代中期以来,法国的一些经济学家通过对马克思、凯恩斯和卡尔多经济理论的独特结合,并从布罗代尔等人的法国年鉴学派和波拉尼、熊彼特的理论中汲取灵感,发展了一种研究资本主义经济长期演化的独特方法,在制度与演化经济学的发展中,形成了法国的“调节”学派。与制度与     

演化经济学在环境问题研究领域的新进展

近年来,依据古典、静态的传统经济学理论而制定的环境经济政策没有从根本上解决环境污染问题,而演化经济学采用生物学类比的研究范式,强调事物发展的动态性,以多样性、变革或创新、有限理性、选择环境、路径依赖和合作演进为研究内核,对环境问题进行的系列研究更具有说服力,演化经济学视角下的环境经济理论认为,环境经济政策的建立是一个渐进、持续、动态的演化过程。文章在对环境问题传统经济学观点简单回顾基础之上,对演化经济视角下的资源、环境问题进行了研究。     

企业竞争力创新机制的新制度经济学解释

企业的创新能力是新时期下企业获取竞争优势的关键来源,因此创新机制的建立自然是重中之重。文章用新制度经济学的基本理论,分析了企业竞争力创新机制建立的必要性。     

制度演化分析的两种范式比较--新制度经济学与演化经济学评析

新制度经济学和演化经济学是制度演化分析的两种范式，本文对分别对新制度经济学和演化经济学在制度演化方面的现有研究做出概要性的述评的基础上，对两者做了详细的比较，在制度研究方面，尽管两种范式从前提假设，研究方法，分析框架等方面存在着差异，但是两者之间还是存在一定的互补关系。为了全面深入地理解制度演化，本文提出发展一个包括两者在内的“新范式”。     

环境规制政策工具对竞争力的影响:度量方法及研究进展

在界定竞争力的含义和度量方法的基础上,从不同政策工具的视角,对国外环境规制与竞争力间关系的理论研究方法和经验分析结论进行综述。在总结国内相关研究的基础上,提出未来的研究方向。     

International Trade and Environmental Regulation: Time Series Evidence and Cross Section Test

This paper examines empiricallywhether more stringent domestic environmental policiesreduce the international competitiveness ofenvironmentally sensitive goods (ESGs). Our timeseries evidence indicates that there are no systematicchanges in trade patterns of ESGs in the last threedecades, despite the introduction of more stringentenvironmental regulations in most of the developedcountries in the 1970s and 1980s. This observedphenomenon is then subjected to a multi-countryeconometric test using an extended gravity-equationframework. The test suggests that, overall, morestringent environmental regulations do not reducetotal exports, exports of ESGs and exports ofnon-resource-based ESGs. Neither was there anyevidence to support the hypothesis that new tradebarriers emerge to offset the effects of morestringent environmental regulations.     

Consistency and optimality in a dynamic game of pollution control I: Competition

I model the interaction between a regulator and polluting firms as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firms create pollution, which results in a stock extermality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures in a competitive industry. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under time consistent policies.     

习俗元制度的演化机制:一个演化经济学的视角

演化经济学为我们分析制度演化提供了新的视角,演化经济学关于制度的演化机制主要有遗传机制(复制机制)、变异机制(新奇创生机制)、选择机制和适应性学习机制等.习俗就是最基本的元制度之一,作为一种基本的元制度,是市场经济运行的基础,从演化经济学的视角来看,习俗元制度的演化机制至少有:遗传机制(复制机制)、变异机制(新奇创生机制)、选择机制和适用性学习机制.     

演化经济学的方法和主题特征及其演变——一种以另类教规理论为例的解释

以赖纳特和张夏准等人为代表的另类教规理论是演化经济学的新兴流派之一,文章在对演化经济学的历史比较与回溯、异质性与分类、时空特定性、能动性与结构等方法与主题特征进行阐述的同时,以另类教规理论为样本,对其主要观点、政策主张和分析方法进行剖析,以探讨演化经济学的发展。     

Collective versus Random Fining: An Experimental Study on Controlling Ambient Pollution

This paper presents an experimental study oftwo different pollution compliance games:collective vis-à-vis random fining as ameans to regulate non-pointpollution. Using samples from both Costa Ricancoffee mill managers and Costa Rican students,we find that the two games perform equivalentlybut, although they lead to efficient outcomesthrough Nash play in the majority of cases, theobserved frequency of Nash play is lower thantheoretically predicted. Moreover, we rejectthe hypothesis that managers and studentsbehave equally. Off the equilibrium, managerstend to over-abate, whereas students tend tounder-abate. This result suggests theimportance of considering subject pooldifferences in the evaluation of environmentalpolicies by means of experiments, particularlyif those policies involve certain forms ofmanagement decisions.     

连锁经营的竞争力:经济学的分析

连锁经营作为一种现代经营方式,在流通领域得到广泛的应用。但是人们很少从经济学的角度来分析为什么这种经营方式具有如此强的生命力。本运用规模经济理论、信息经济学、交易费用经济学和产权经济学理论的有关方法和结论试着这么做,认识到连锁经营有效解决了流通领域追求规模经济的特殊性问题;连锁经营是一种有效降低不确定性的组织设计;连锁经营有效降低了交易费用从而实现了对市场的替代;连锁经营从产权角度刺激了各行为主体的积极性。因此,从经济学角度而言,相比别的经营形式,连锁经营更具有竞争力。     

制约、双赢到不确定性——环境规制与企业竞争力相关性研究的演进与借鉴

环境经济学的传统假说认为,环境目标与企业竞争力之间存在社会收益与私人成本的权衡,环境规制制约企业竞争力.但由于其严格假设损害理论的普适性等原因而遭质疑,由此诞生环境规制与企业竞争力双赢假说.双赢假说引入动态的创新机制,打破新古典静态分析框架,提出环境规制激发企业创新与生产效率提高,企业可获得"创新优势"与"先动优势".以后,一些学者通过对影响环境规制与企业竞争力关系因素的研究,提出二者存在相关性不确定性的假说.文章系统阐述二者相关性研究的演进过程,挖掘它们在假设、方法论、政策导向等方面的差异,以及演进的内在逻辑与借鉴意义.     

The Nature of the State and the State of Nature: a Comment on Grady & McGuire's Paper

In 'The Nature of Constitutions', Mark Grady & Michael McGuire provide a model of the evolution and purposes of constitutions as arising to minimize appropriation by dominants of subordinates. This Comment builds on Grady & McGuire's article in three ways. First, it supplements their analysis by operationalizing a model of constitutional evolution that views constitutions as arising out of the conflict of competing high-ranking individuals to preserve their own authority. From this clash of self-interest of dominant individuals, constitutions are born. This predicts that constitutions will not simply tame all forms of appropriation, but will also hard-wire some forms of appropriation behavior into the permanent constitutional structure. Second, it examines the American constitution in light of this model to show how that constitution reflects the mixture of appropriation and appropriation-taming behavior. Third, this Comment argues that the breakdown of constitutionalism in the United States this century can be explained by a failure to fully appreciate the purposes of constitutionalism in a biological framework.     

A Proposed Methodological Synthesis of Post-Keynesian and Institutional Economics

Post-Keynesian and institutionalist writers have commented on the theoretical and conceptual commonalities between the two schools. Some have suggested a theoretical synthesis based on these commonalities. In spite of these theoretical and conceptual commonalities each tradition has developed significantly different methods of analysis. Instead of theoretical or conceptual synthesis we seek here to present a methodological synthesis.

Institutionalist methods have yielded "plausible" explanations, but these have been too "vague and suggestive" to be consistently used for economic policy. Post-Keynesian methods have policy necessary "rigor," but the similarity to neoclassical methods has exposed post-Keynesian theories to unwarranted synthesis with incompatible traditions.

This essay presents a synthesis of post-Keynesian and institutionalist methodology, one of "plausible rigor," combining elements of "institutional dynamics" with a heuristic framework based on John Dewey's "instrumental logic," and proposes that the resulting approach overcomes weaknesses in the methods of analysis of both schools.