HOW SHOULD CAPITAL BE TAXED?

This survey discusses how capital should be taxed in advanced economies. We review the theoretical optimal tax literature, survey empirical studies on the distribution of capital and the distortionary costs of capital taxation, and analyze the desirability of specific taxes on capital income, wealth, property, inheritances, and corporate profits. Our overall conclusion is that capital taxation plays an important role in an optimal tax system, but only certain ways of taxing capital are able to strike a balance between optimality and administrative feasibility.     

论我国房产税的计税依据

我国将稳步推进房产税的改革,而在改革的过程中需要准确界定房产税的计税依据。为此本文首先分析和比较了面积、市场价值和租金收入三种类型的房产税计税依据的优点和缺点,在此基础上结合公平性的要求、我国现行税收征管水平以及房地产市场现状等情况,提出我国应以市场价值为基准确定房地产税税基。对于房地产市场价值的评估办法,笔者认为居住用房地产价值的评估应该采用“城乡有别”的办法——城市和县城的居住用房地产采用市场比较法进行价值评估;农村地区的房地产采用重置成本法进行价值评估;对于营业用房地产,则采用收益法评估其市场价值。     

Simulating fundamental tax reforms in an aging Japan

This paper studies in a quantitative way the macroeconomic and welfare effects of introducing progressive expenditure taxation, in a situation of the aging of the Japanese population. It undertakes a simulation analysis taking account of the general equilibrium effects of intragenerational inequality, which increases with a transition to an aging society. The simulation results suggest that progressive expenditure taxation has advantages over progressive labor income taxation on the grounds of efficiency and equity. Thus, a shift to progressive expenditure taxation can overcome the large welfare loss that would occur under the current tax system as Japan ages.     

增值税会计理论初探

"财税合一"的会计模式不能适应我国会计理论建设的需要,不能适应税收国际协调的需要。解决问题的方法是建立"财税适度分离"的增值税会计模式,或执行收付实现制,或执行权责发生制。全面实行权责发生制比全面实行收付实现制具有更多优越性。笔者认为全面采用权责发生制以利增值税会计未来发展。     

PRESUMPTIVE TAXATION METHODS: A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE

This paper reviews the empirical literature studying the effect of the introduction of presumptive taxation methods on taxpayers’ behavior. Although the concept of presumptive taxation entails numerous alternative methods to determine tax liabilities, I survey two main areas of the literature: indirect tax assessment methods and presumptive minimum taxes. The review investigates efficiency and equity implications of presumptive taxation methods. Conflicting conclusions emerge about the effectiveness of presumptive policy tools in achieving different goals, such as the increase of voluntary tax compliance, the growth of tax revenues, and the reduction of shadow economy and fiscal evasion.     

关于物业税征收目的和效应之辨析

本文讨论了物业税的征收目的和物业税所产生的效应之差别，以及在实践中区分这些概念的意义。     

Some Comments on Tax Competition and Its Potential Effects on Tax Rates and Revenues

Corporate taxation is seen as the price of investing in a country, that is, the price either for the right to do business within the jurisdiction or for the supply of public goods. If consumption of that right or those public goods is mobile between jurisdictions and price competition ensues which will force prices together. Also, in the case of high tax regimes, a fall in the tax burden would be anticipated. In other words, countries will spontaneously harmonize their tax systems or face the loss of intemational investment and the disadvantages they bring.     

促进我国物流产业发展的税收政策研究

指出我国物流业税收领域制度不完善,仍然存在税费界限不清、计税基数不合理、重复纳税等问题。所以必须完善税收政策和法规,对我国物流业税费继续规范,全面发挥保税物流区域功能,统一所得税、调整流转税政策以及对税收管理进行完善等措施,积极促进我国物流业与税收的良性发展。     

保险业税收制度相关问题探析

保险是一种市场化的风险转移机制,具有准公共产品性质。这一性质决定了保险税收制度应当兼顾总体税收政策取向和保险业发展的客观要求,充分发挥其对保险业宏观调控和政策导向功能,为保险业发展提供宽松的环境,支持保险业做大、做强。从这一观点出发,论述了我国现行保险业税收制度存在的主要问题,以及相关完善措施,对实践具有一定指导意义。     

Tax resistance, economy and state transformation in China and Europe

This article considers the distinct ways in which Chinese and European governments have historically approached taxation. The similarities of popular resistance in both regions to taxation deemed illegitimate contrast with the diverse solutions to tax collection put forward under varied political systems. Differences in state relations with elites, the intensity of demands for revenues and the kinds of strategies developed to secure additional funding contribute to the definition of distinct patterns of political change. Tax operations can therefore serve as a useful diagnostic for comparing broader economic and political developments in China and Europe over the past several centuries. Received: August 28, 1999 / Accepted: January 20, 2000     

房地产税改革对公租房制度的政策支持分析

2007年以来,我国住房保障体系建设取得了突破性进展,公租房则是近期住房保障制度的重要创新。随着房地产税改革步伐的加快,新的房地产税制必将对公租房的建设和运营形成制度约束。本文在厘清公租房属性和制度要点的基础上,分析现行房地产税制对公租房建设和运营的制度约束,对最近上海和重庆的房产税试点改革进行评述,讨论房地产税改革取向并提出支持公租房制度的建议。     

UK UNCUT UNRAVELLED

This paper examines four major tax cases that have been the focus of campaigns by the group UK Uncut. The criticisms of the tax affairs of the companies concerned are shown to be unfounded and ill‐conceived. Furthermore, there would be major economic benefits from reducing corporate taxation.     

隐性税收对企业投资行为的影响分析

隐性税收是一个重要的税收概念,国外学者在上个世纪90年代起已开始进行理论和实证研究。隐性税收对于政府税收制度的建设和企业经营活动的开展都起到积极的理论指导作用,本文将就隐性税收对企业投资地点及投资期限的决策所产生的影响进行详细的分析。开展对于隐性税收问题的研究,不仅具有理论意义,而且更有实践的重大价值。只有迅速建立起包括隐性税收在内的税收理论框架,才能更好的为我国的税制改革与实践服务。     

我国证券市场中的所得税问题研究

欧美和日本等国家的上市公司偏好于债务融资,而我国的上市公司在进行融资决策时普遍采用"轻债务重股权"的方法。本文认为这主要是因为我国的所得税制中存在对股权收益的部分征税、重复征税,对证券的投资收益和转让利得实行差别税收政策,以及存在非债务税收保护措施等,所以必须有针对性地改革现行税制,对股息所得征税遵循"同股同利"的原则,清理不恰当的非债务税收保护措施,减轻对股利的重复课税以及改革证券市场的资本利得税。     

Feasible implementation of taxation methods

This paper studies implementation of taxation methods in one-commodity environments in which the incomes of the agents are unknown to the planner. Feasibility out of equilibrium imposes that the mechanism depend on the environment. We present two mechanisms. The first one, which requires complete information, implements every taxation method in Nash, strong and coalition-proof equilibrium. The second, where informational requirements are relaxed, implements a large class of consistent and monotone methods in subgame perfect equilibrium. Neither mechanism employs the off-equilibrium devices used by the general theory. Under fully private information no method is implementable. Received: 12 March 1997 / Accepted: 21 July 1998     

企业并购中对目标企业选择的纳税筹划

目标企业的选择是企业并购的起点,在对目标企业进行选择时,结合现行的税收政策进行有效的纳税筹划,不仅可以降低并购成本,而且对企业并购的后续工作有很大的帮助。本文从并购目标企业所在行业选择、所在地域选择、所处经营状况选择等方面对企业并购中目标企业选择的纳税筹划进行探讨。     

C2C模式下我国电子商务税收法律制度研究

近些年,国际上对于电子商务是否征税、征收何种税、如何征收等问题的讨论是理论界和法律实践中的热点问题。2008年北京市工商局曾发布＂网络新规＂对网店要求实名制,似乎是电子商务征税的前兆。今年6月1日,国家工商总局出台了《网络商品交易及有关服务行为管理暂行办法》,拟建立统一的网络监管平台,又一次掀起对电子商务征税的探讨热潮。税收作为国家财政的主要来源,其对国家资源具有再分配的功能,C2C模式电子商务作为商业活动中的一种,对其进行征税有助于完善我国的税收法律制度。     

A new contract for welfare: partnership in pensions

The government's Green Paper proposes reducing state pension costs whilst encouraging private sector provision. The success of the proposed ‘stakeholder pension schemes’ depends on regulation. However, regulation can penalise those it is intended to protect. This is a sensitive issue, since stakeholder pension schemes are expected to attract financially vulnerable, lower paid, employees. Whilst the flat rate accrual of the state second pension confers some benefit, certain groups are put in a difficult position by the retention of means-tested benefits.     

基于工作过程的“企业所得税报税实务”课程开发与探究

企业所得税是税收实务教学中的难点,企业所得税的会计核算及纳税申报又是实务操作中的难点,基于工作过程系统化的职业课程设计理念,我们开发了＂企业所得税报税实务＂课程,本文论述了该课程的开发背景、课程设计、教学实施以及考核评价等内容。     

Restricting capital outflow

According to the “Capital Asset Pricing Model”, an individual can increase his utility by diversifying his capital across countries. If that is the case, then why do governments impose restrictions on capital outflow? This paper argues that foreign owners of capital have less political power than domestic ones and therefore capital liberalization weakens the political power that protects capital, increases the taxation of capital and thus reduces total investment. Indeed, most of the empirical evidence suggests that capital liberalization is positively correlated with government expenditure, social security spending and corporate taxation.