在线品牌社区负面顾客契合演化过程:是愈演愈烈?还是否极泰来?

文章聚焦于在线品牌社区,从时间序列角度出发,选取小米在线社区论坛作为研究对象,采用网络志方法分析了负面顾客契合演化过程中的阶段划分及不同阶段的契合状态,厘清了负面顾客契合短期和长期演化过程的差异。研究结果表明,在线品牌社区负面顾客契合的短期演化可以划分为发泄、建设性讨论、威胁性退出、协商、报复（或回避、或妥协）五个子过程;从长期来看,能够形成社区认同的顾客会逐渐转向持续性正面契合,而那些无法形成社区认同的顾客则会产生回避。研究结论在丰富和完善顾客契合领域成果的同时,对中国情境下在线品牌社区的营销管理实践具有一定的参考价值。     

Partnerships and Policy in Northern Ireland

This paper evaluates the experiences of the Derry/Londonderry Partnership Board established as part of the European Union's(EU) Peace and Reconciliation Programme in Northern Ireland and suggests that it has been able to establish a distinctive approach to community consultation, strategy formulation and programme delivery. It explores the method and content of its most recent Action Plan and argues that the fealty that has traditionally informed local government discourses has been challenged by an open, pluralist and respectful analysis of positions and problems. The paper concludes by arguing that the real contribution of the Partnerships have been to create the space for civic democracy to be played out in an attempt to embed the peace process and a long-term political settlement.     

The role of Malawian local government in community development

The promotion of basic elements of good governance including community involvement through a decentralised local governance system has been at the centre stage since the advent of the multiparty democracy in Malawi in the 1990s. This article examines the role of Malawian local government in community development and analyses the context of community involvement in local governance. The article is primarily based on documentary research, which includes journal and newspaper articles, and interviews with senior district assembly officials and local people. The major conclusions drawn are that, firstly, the decentralisation process tends to feature the district assembly very highly, with little clarity on how community-based institutions are integrated into the local government system. Secondly, the political, socio-economic and administrative factors prevailing at the local level need to be addressed pragmatically for efficient and effective community participation in development.     

从法治看改革开放三十年的变迁

改革开放三十年来,我国的民主法治经历着巨大的历史变革。公平、公正、民主、平等理念深入人心,法治发展卓有成效。本文从法治出发,分析不同历史时期提出的不同治国方略,进而论证总结改革开放以来民主发展的进程,以其为今后的研究进行铺垫。     

The demise of a South African growth point,Butterworth in the Eastern Cape: a community development model as an alternative strategy for development

Butterworth was chosen for this research as one of the growth points in the former Transkei under apartheid. Prospective and existing entrepreneurs in mostly manufacturing enterprises were entitled to various incentives, all of which were phased out by the mid-1990s, and factory closures ensued. Since then the economy of Butterworth has atrophied, leaving thousands unemployed. This paper suggests a community development model as an alternative strategy for resuscitating an ailing local economy, emphasising the imperatives of community participation at all levels of the developmental process. Kenya and Ghana are cited as examples of community development. With this international backdrop, three community-inspired projects in the Eastern Cape were used to test the model: the Umngazi Farming Scheme, the Philani Ncambedlana Farmers' Cooperative and the Tanga Village Masakhane. The paper shows that community development can provide an alternative livelihood in local economies.     

VILLAGE GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: THE NEW DEMOCRATIC FRAMEWORK

The political reforms that began in Indonesia in 1998 have created new opportunities for a revised relationship between state and community, replacing the New Order's centralistic and uniform framework with local-level institutions that are strong and responsive. This paper presents the new legal framework for the democratisation of local-level politics and village institutions. Representative councils have been elected in all Indonesian villages, and the village head is no longer the sole authority in the community. Village governments are provided with far-reaching autonomy and do not need the approval of higher authorities to take decisions and implement policies. However, decentralisation and democratisation are necessary but not sufficient preconditions for developing the countryside and alleviating poverty. An active government and civil society engagement must ensure that regulations are not distorted during implementation, and that ordinary people are included in public policy making and local governance.     

水库移民社区旅游开发态度的实证研究——以山东省东平湖为例

文章认为水库旅游开发应充分发动当地社区积极参与,而东平湖水库移民社区作为返迁型移民社区,代表着移民的集体利益,决定着旅游扶贫战略在东平湖水库可持续实施的成功与否。因此,文章立足于田野调查,将移民放置于社区参与的理论框架中,获得了东平湖水库移民社区对旅游开发的群体性态度,相关启示对于指导该库区以及类似库区的旅游可持续发展有重要现实意义。     

Mineral wealth – ‘in the name of morafe’? Community control in South Africa's ‘Platinum Valley’

Direct control of mineral resource wealth by communities in resource-endowed regions is advocated as a panacea to conflict and fundamental towards attainment of self-determination and local autonomy. Based on the study conducted in Royal Bafokeng and Bakgatla Ba Kgafela, the two prominent, platinum-rich traditional communities in South Africa's North West Province, this article reveals that, although mineral wealth in South Africa's platinum-endowed communities such as Royal Bafokeng is reportedly distributed ‘in the name of morafe’ (‘community’ in Setswana), inadequate participation produces polarised local priorities and tensions at the grassroots level. Community control of mineral wealth is thus likely to paradoxically generate conflict and exclusion at the traditional community level, particularly in contexts where participation in mineral wealth-engendered community development is championed by traditional leaders through customary-derived spaces of local engagement.     

不同类型环境规制工具协同对工业绿色创新的倒逼效应研究

环境保护和技术创新作为促进经济高质量发展的重要战略，两者间的关系是学术界关注的重点。对2009-2020年中国279个地级市工业绿色创新绩效进行测算，并运用系统广义矩估计法考察了命令型环境规制与公众参与型环境规制对地方工业绿色创新的影响。研究发现：命令型环境规制和公众参与型环境规制的协同具有促进地方工业绿色创新发展的长效机制，既增强了命令型环境规制的作用效果，又显著提升了公众参与型环境规制的影响。文章检验了不同环境规制工具的协同对地方工业绿色创新的重要影响，为协调优化各类环境规制工具，尤其是提升公众参与度，联合发挥不同类型规制工具对绿色创新的组合激励效应提供了有益的参考。     

Inward Investment and Economic Regeneration: Listening to Workers in Rhondda-Cynon-Taff

The paper presents the results of a two-year research study conducted in the Rhondda-Cynon-Taff local authority area of South Wales. The research focused on assessing the effect of the inward-investment strategy on local economic regeneration and local people's reaction to the policy. The paper reports survey questionnaire results and the interview responses of local employees. A summary of the recent employment history of the area is followed by a discussion of policies introduced to tackle unemployment. Local people express cynicism about foreign companies, suggesting that the grants they receive are more important to them than genuine commitment to the regeneration of the local economy. The feeling was expressed that the balance of funding priorities works against local entrepreneurs, while the concentration on 'foreign saviours' also undermines their confidence. The paper concludes by recommending several new approaches to tackling unemployment in RCT: focusing on Tower Colliery as a 'local champion'; emphasizing 'associative entrepreneurship' that prioritizes the needs of the community rather than the success of the individual; and introducing a Citizens' Income scheme to tackle the problem of economic inactivity.     

Paradox of Empowerment: Reflections on a Case Study from Northern Ghana

In recent years the “development” industry has began to incorporate into its vocabulary notions about the “empowerment of the poor,” “participatory democracy,” “gender in development” etc. as part of a strategy for poverty alleviation in the developing world. This paper critically examines the notion of participation as the basis of empowerment in the context of a joint Canadian–Ghanaian financed rural development project in the Northern Region of Ghana. The paper argues that because of the inherent goodness of the notion of participation, it has become a substitute for the structural reforms needed for social change. The paper raises questions not just about the terms and mode of participation but further points out that reference to the term “village” or “community” as the basis of participation is simplistic and problematic. The paper also questions the feasibility of the institutional and administrative structures within which such concepts may be realized.     

How Has Rural Tax Reform Affected Farmers and Local Governance in China？

Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued that the issues associated with rural taxation and local governance in China result from inherent tension between an increasingly liberalized economic system and a still centralized political system. Although rural tax reform has helped to reduce farmers' tax burdens in the short term, the establishment of an effective local governance regime requires coordinated reforms to downsize local bureaucracy by providing social security for laid-off cadres, to strengthen local accountability by granting higher local formal tax autonomy, and to promote meaningful participation by expanding local democracy.     

Ecotourism development in Ghana: A postcolonial analysis

Despite growing research on ecotourism in Ghana, it is unclear to what extent colonial approaches to forestry and wildlife conservation still influence ecotourism in the country. This paper examines ecotourism development in Ghana from a postcolonialist perspective. It is based on a thematic assessment of primary data from in-depth interviews with a range of ecotourism actors. The paper shows that ecotourism in Ghana, much like colonial forestry and wildlife conservation, faces challenges such as the marginalisation of the local community, the use of neo-crisis narratives, a dependence on international forces, and the marginalisation of local ecological knowledge. It argues for a holistic approach to the development of ecotourism as a win–win strategy for sustainable development.     

Democracy and foreign direct investment at the industry level: evidence for US multinationals

Theories of multinational enterprises emphasize that foreign direct investment (FDI) is undertaken in different industries for different reasons, yet studies of the effects of democracy on FDI most commonly use aggregate-level FDI data. This paper evaluates US FDI outflows to 15 industries (eight manufacturing, seven nonmanufacturing) in 54 countries in a linear dynamic panel-data gravity FDI model using a “system” generalized method of moments estimator and three widely used democracy indicators. At the aggregate-level, we estimate a positive effect of democracy on FDI, consistent with most prior studies. At the industry level, we estimate larger positive effects of democracy on FDI for service than manufacturing industries, particularly for finance and insurance and information, and negative effects for mining and oil and gas extraction.     

The Contribution of Childcare to Local Employment: Poor Work or Work for the Poor?

In recent years local economic development and regeneration agencies have begun to examine how locally based childcare can contribute to economic and social regeneration. This paper is based on current research by the authors and reports on the expectations and current realities of community based childcare as part of an economic regeneration strategy. It suggests that whilst the incorporation of childcare into urban regeneration strategy holds the potential to reduce the barriers to labour market involvement by mothers in low income households, less positive effects are also identifiable. Early evaluation is used to show that the commodification of care within urban regeneration policies reinforces care work as low paid, insecure gendered employment. It concludes by arguing that a more critical evaluation of both the economic and social impact of childcare on area regeneration is necessary.     

“Sent to Coventry?”

This paper reports on an employment training project undertaken in Coventry with partial funding from the European Social Fund. It involved community organisations, the community education section of the local authority and the university. The approach to training was developed in tandem with community capacity building aims. The partnership achieved a measure of trust, mutual accountability and open decision-making. The two-year project employed a part-time researcher whose role embraced active participation in project processes. There are lessons to be drawn for urban regeneration, whether strengthening local economies, attacking social exclusion or capacity building for people and their communities.     

人口质量、政治制度与奥运绩效——来自四届奥运会的证据

基于2000-2012年四届夏季奥运会共72个国家的面板数据,论文对奥运绩效的国别差异进行了实证分析。我们发现引入以健康指数为代表的人口质量和以分权指数为代表的政治制度,可以很好地解释人口基数和经济规模无法解释的奥运绩效国别差异。首先,政治制度对奥运奖牌数量的影响呈现U型,即分权国家和集权国家获得的奖牌数都比较多,而中间国家获得的奖牌数相对较少;其次,健康指数、人口基数、经济份额、宗教分化以及东道主效应对奖牌数量均具有显著的正向作用,而种族分化具有负面作用。上述发现对于我国实施科学的奥运战略具有重要的指导意义。     

Engaging with homelessness in the City of Tshwane: Ethical and practical considerations

ABSTRACT

Policies and practices aimed at developing more engaged universities that are responsive to the needs of society have become key features of the higher education landscape of most countries. Visions of universities ‘engaged’ in matters of local importance increasingly require academics to reframe their scholarship as some form of ‘engagement’. This requirement has been addressed in many different disciplines and has been met with ambivalence. Academics who see engagement as a new form of ‘public good’ find it enhancing of their teaching and research activities, while others view engaged work as unnecessary and problematic ‘third mission’ activities that impede on ‘normal’ academic work. This article aims to contribute to these debates by interrogating the paradoxes of action and inaction. Drawing on recent experiences in reviewing a policy on homelessness for a municipality in South Africa, the article seeks to bring the ambiguities and challenges of engagement into greater visibility.     

Including the community in local regeneration? The case of greater pollok social inclusion partnership

This paper seeks to evaluate critically the extent to which there is community involvement in the construction and delivery of urban policy under New Labour, through a case study of the Greater Pollok Social Inclusion Partnership. The paper concentrates on the Scottish experience, but its lessons resonate more widely. Its key finding is that, for all the rhetoric of New Labour and community involvement, the degree to which it has occurred in practice is little different to the level of involvement under Conservative urban policy initiatives. The paper argues that the processes of community consultation and participation during the early stages of the Greater Pollok Social Inclusion Partnership were woefully inadequate. At best it was tokenistic, and at worst, local people were being 'exploited' to legitimise the policy process.     

利益博弈对城市社区的影响

中国正进入利益博弈时代，城市社区也不可避免地陷入种种利益矛盾中。而利益博弈对社区自治具有积极和消极双重影响。积极影响是合作性博弈有利于社区和社会利益的整合，有利于民主政治的发展，公民社会的发育；消极影响是追求利益最大化，易使社区利益主体的政治参与发生畸变，不利于社区乃至社会的和谐与稳定。通过改革现有的劳动力、土地和提供公共物品等相关制度来增加农民的实际收入，是当前的现实选择。