公允价值审计若干问题研究

美国次贷危机引起了关于公允价值会计审计的争议,许多会计审计监管机构和专业组织对公允价值审计问题进行了研究并制定了有关准则。本文就公允价值公允价值审计的重要问题进行讨论。     

我国公允价值审计相关问题探析

随着我国新会计准则中公允价值计量属性的大量应用,不仅给会计实务工作带来了挑战．也大大增加了审计难度,给审计活动带来了潜在的审计风险。开展对公允价值审计相关问题的分析研究,具有重要的现实意义．能有效降低审计风险．促进公允价值会计的顺利开展。本文对公允价值审计的发展现状进行了梳理．探讨了我国公允价值审计存在的一些问题,并就公允价值审计相关问题提出了几点完善措施．     

公允价值会计估计审计相关问题研究

为适应社会主义市场经济发展需要,规范企业公允价值计量和披露,提高会计信息质量,财政部于2014年1月26日,发布了《企业会计准则第39号——公允价值计量》,与中国注册会计师审计准则第1321号——审计会计估计（包括公允价值会计估计）和相关披露遥相适应。本文对公允价值会计估计审计相关问题进行了探讨,以期为公允价值审计提供实践参考。     

对公允价值审计相关问题的探讨

在两次发布征求意见稿之后,2006年财政部发布了《中国注册会计师审计准则第1322号——公允价值计量和披露的审计》以及应用指南,对公允价值审计问题作了相应的规范。但是,对于广大的会计审计从业人员而言,公允价值及其审计还是很陌生的概念。本文结合我国新颁布的公允价值审计准则及国外最新的研究成果,对相关问题作初步探讨,以期为广大同行有所裨益。     

关于公允价值审计应用问题的探析

<正>一、公允价值审计的产生及发展公允价值审计是随着公允价值会计的发展应运而生并快速发展起来。由于以公允价值计量的财务报告为使用者决策提供既相关又不失可靠的信息,所以公允价值计量得到了广泛关注和部分使用。在对如何保证公允价值的可靠性进行研究的同时,怎样使财务报告使用者合理确信公允价值计量的可靠性,     

论公允价值审计面临的问题及其对策

本文首先对公允价值审计概念展开描述,接着提出了当前审计公允价值面临的一些问题和难题,最后有针对性地阐述了一些解决的对策和建议.虽然近期对公允价值审计的风险还是比较高的,但随着我国市场体系的不断完善和审计人员素质的提高,审计风险将会逐渐降低     

衍生金融工具公允价值审计初探

以公允价值作为衍生金融工具的计量属性,更准确地计量了各类金融资产和负债,但同时也暴露了现行会计、审计理论与实务存在的多种问题。对此,我们必须正确审视衍生金融工具公允价值审计中亟待解决的现实问题,积极探索改进金融工具公允价值审计的途径。     

试论公允价值的内部审计

随着国际会计准则中公允价值计量属性的大量运用,公允价值计量准则下的内部审计和会计信息披露成为当今理论界讨论的重要课题.公允价值的计量和披露对内部审计有重大影响,如何对财务报表中的公允价值部分进行审计,并尽可能地规避审计风险,是审计人员无法回避的问题.     

试论公允价值的内部审计

随着国际会计准则中公允价值计量属性的大量运用,公允价值计量准则下的内部审计和会计信息披露成为当今理论界讨论的重要课题。公允价值的计量和披露对内部审计有重大影响,如何对财务报表中的公允价值部分进行审计,并尽可能地规避审计风险,是审计人员无法回避的问题。     

资产评估如何服务于公允价值审计

随着中国经济的快速发展,中国市场经济的不断完善,社会各方对财务信息的真实性、相关性关注度越来越高.而基于公允价值计量基础所形成的会计信息恰好在这一方面比以历史成本计量基础所形成的会计信息更能满足报表使用者的需求.于是会计需要公允价值计量,审计需要对公允价值计量形成的会计信息的可靠性进行判断,判断公允价值的可靠性需要估值技术,利用估值技术服务于会计的公允价值计量和服务于公允价值的审计责无旁贷地落在了我们资产评估师的肩上.如何才能做好这方面的服务,这就需要我们在下面几个方面下功夫.     

应对公允价值会计估计的审计策略

一、公允价值会计估计对审计的影响 众所周知,财务报表中的很多项目都无法准确计量,只能对其进行合理的估计.但是,负责编制财务报表的管理层在进行会计估计对所获取信息的性质及其可靠性会直接影响会计估计的合理性,进而影响对这些会计估计实施审计的审计师对重大错报风险的评估水平,也可能引发审计师对管理层舞弊的职业怀疑     

Fair Value Exposure,Changes in Fair Value and Audit Fees: Evidence from the Australian Real Estate Industry

This paper investigates the relationship between audit fees and both fair value exposure and changes in fair value of investment properties. The study is motivated by the limited and inconclusive evidence on the effect on audit fees of full fair value reporting for illiquid assets. Using hand‐collected data from the Australian real estate industry, we find a negative (positive) association between audit fees and fair value exposure (changes in fair value of investment properties). Our findings also indicate that the use of unobservable inputs in fair value estimates for investment properties does not significantly increase audit risk and audit fees. Further, we find that audit fees are higher for firms with fair values of investment – properties estimated by external and mixed valuers – compared to firms with fair values estimated by directors alone. This study enriches the audit fee literature by documenting auditors’ pricing decisions in an area that involves significant estimation and valuation risks.     

BMP审计模式介绍

在风险导向战略系统审计的实践与理论研究中,毕马威(KPMG)会计师事务所做了许多探索。1997年,KPMG研究小组出版了研究报告《从战略系统的视角来审计组织》,提出了一种BMP(Business Measurement Process)审计模式。本文拟对此模式的主要思路和框架作一介绍。审计师需要分析和掌握的客户情况(一)战略分析战略系统视角将审计人员的注意力集中在管理当局是否已经设计了有效的战略来重塑行为模式,通过战略分析让审计人员对客户所处的大环境有更加深入的认识。战略分析时,审计师要了解客户的历史,管理当局的经营战略和目标,客户面临的经营风…     

To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value: A Broader Perspective

Fair value is considered here with respect to the two primary objectives of financial statements proposed in the joint conceptual framework that is under development by the FASB and the IASB, namely (a) informativeness—to assist providers of capital in predicting, evaluating, and comparing the amounts, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows, and (b) stewardship—to assist in evaluating how efficient and effective managers have been in enhancing shareholders' value. More specifically, a comprehensive set of accounting measures and a set of corporate governance reforms intended to align corporate insiders' and auditors' behaviour and decisions with the interests of investors is outlined. Suggested reforms show how to present a mix of effectively historical quantifications, exit values, and the discounted values of future cash flows expected from the particularized use of combinations of assets within the firm. Additionally, the article describes how markets can be reformed in order to align the interests of the officers who prepare such accounts, and the auditors who certify them, with those of investors. These market-based reforms would require auditors to insure misrepresentations, and managers to take equity to induce truthful reporting. Also included is a radical extension to earlier proposals by the author, requiring an officer of the company to make the market in shares in a way that would place limits upon the value of the insider's private information.     

审计文化模式概说

伴随着审计发展的历史,审计文化模式的发展一般分为原初型、技术型和人本型三个阶段。原初型审计文化模式伴随着审计的诞生而产生,随着经济的发展、民主政治的出现和科学技术的进步,审计文化模式实现了从原初型到技术型的转型。技术型审计文化模式是以弘民主、讲公开、求高效、重规范为主导价值的审计文化模式,但其对效率和制度规范的过分执着,使审计活动仅仅关注当下的审计成果,往往容易忽视对审计伦理等审计价值的思考。人本型审计文化模式是审计文化模式发展的高级阶段,其继承了技术型审计文化模式的民主、公开、高效等优点,同时因为价值理性的引入,又使技术型审计文化模式的弊端得以克服。人本型审计文化模式将有力地指导我国审计文化建设。     

美国财务会计准则公告第157号《公允价值计量》介绍与启示

随着公允价值日益得到国际上主要会计准则制定机构的认同,如何进行公允价值计量成为各国会计理论和实务工作者关注的问题,而公允计量指南的缺乏一直是制约公允价值应用的重要因素。为此,     

关于公允价值本质的思考

目前会计界关于公允价值本质有"独立计量属性观"、"复合计量属性观"、"计量目标观"和"检验尺度观"等多种不同的观点,这些观点的形成与不同时期各国会计准则对公允价值的不同理解和规定密切相关。公允价值是在传统的"基于交易会计"逐步转向"基于价值会计"过程中形成的,公允价值的本质应放在"基于价值会计"体系中进行定位。"基于价值会计"在会计目标定位、会计信息质量要求、会计确认、会计计量以及财务报告等各个方面都与传统的"基于交易会计"有一定区别。在"基于价值会计"体系中,公允价值是会计计量力图实现的一种理想目标,各种计量属性是实现这一目标的具体手段,公允价值体现了"真实与公允"会计理念对采用各种计量属性进行价值计量的一种约束和要求。将公允价值狭义地定位成一种具体计量属性,不仅与公允价值在"基于价值会计"体系中的层次地位不符,也与各国会计准则关于公允价值计量的整体精神相违背,还与实务界常用的计量属性之一——"现行市价"有重复之嫌。     

公允价值及其计量

<国际会计准则16>对某项资产的公允价值和市场价值的表述非常相似,但事实并不是这么简单.公允价值这个概念贯穿整个会计准则.表面上看,它和市场价值这个概念十分相似,都指在交易中的可取得的价格,但市场价值实际上是公允价值在固定资产上的一个具体应用.市场价值,在它相对简单的定义背后,有着详尽的概念体系作为支持.国际评估准则、美国评估执业统一准则和英国评估师手册等评估准则对市场价值在各种情形下的具体含义作了清晰的归纳,而公允价值作为一个类属词在应用中缺乏像市场价值概念体系的指导.     

Fair Value Accounting Compared to Other Accounting Systems

Abstract

It is well known that the total profit generated from an insurance product is fixed (unless the accounting system affects the product management), but the incidence of reported profit varies depending on the accounting system used and the way that assumptions are set and reset. The purpose of this paper is to take a very simple product (a single-premium deferred annuity (SPDA) with no special features) and follow its earnings over a 15-year period. We will examine the volatility of earnings under Fair Value (FV) accounting as proposed by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), as we understand it, and U.S. GAAP and U.S. Statutory accounting. Additionally, we will examine how each of the accounting systems is impacted by the choice of a lapse assumption. We have the additional objective of simplicity, to produce a model that the reader can relate to and whose calculations can be reproduced with nominal effort.     

Issues in the Drive to Measure Liabilities at Fair Value

This paper compares the discussion on liability measurement in Accounting The0y Monograph 10 with the liability measurement requirements in recent international proposals on accounting for financial instruments. Rather than conducting a detailed review of the Monograph, the paper examines three major issues which wawant amplifjing, extending or criticising: What is “fair value”? Why fair value liabilities? Should fair value include an entity's own credit risk? The focus is on financial liabilities such as “plain vanilla” debt; other financial liabilities, such as insurance obligations, pensions, wawanties and environmental damage restoration involve additional considerations and are therefore not considered.