明清山西商人与河北正定商业——以正定山西会馆为中心的考察

河北正定是明清时期华北地区重要的商业中心。正定山西会馆的前身晋宁庵始建于明末崇祯初年,明清多次重修,现存清代碑刻三通。利用这些碑刻材料,结合其他史料,可以大致勾勒出明清时期正定商业发展轨迹与在正定贸易的山西商人的情况。晚明清初,正定商业以木植与盐业为主要特色,这一时期在正定贸易的山西商人主要是平阳盐商,有明显家族特点。清代中期,晋商东伙制与会馆制均已成熟,来自平阳、泽潞、平定和汾州府的山西商人在盐业、花布业、典当业、酒业和铁业等行业中均占有重要地位。晚清民国时期,山西忻州和平定商人成为主导,花布业、印染业、铁业、典当业和银钱业是山西商人经营的主要行业。     

市场、法律与人情——明清苏州商人团体提供“交易服务”的制度变迁

在明清苏州商人团体的成立与发展过程中,部分商人团体不但促成有效提供交易服务的制度创新,更在地方司法实务上,以"公产"立案模式,向地方政府取得更稳固的产权保障,连带增加了会馆公所获得商人捐款、持续运作的可能性.作者从市场经济、法律规范、人情信用机制三个层面进行分析,以加深学界对明清"国家-社会"演变关系的理解.     

地方性会馆研究的厚实之作——评刘正刚的《广东会馆论稿》

会馆是明清时期发展起来的一种地缘或业缘性传统社会组织。它建在通都大邑,根植于传统市场经济扩张、人口迁移和流动频繁、商人子弟不断入仕的社会大环境中,通过不断调整自身机制来适应中国近代化的进程。因此可以说,会馆是观照中国社会近代化的一面镜子。2006年上海古籍出版社     

明清时期山陕商人研究综述

明清时期,晋商与陕商在较长的历史时期和经营空间内,都是以"山陕商人"的联省商帮面目出现的,被称为"西商"、"山陕商人"或"秦晋大贾"。这样现象已引起学术界的注意,近二十年来,关于山陕商人的研究已有相当的成果,主要集中在山陕商人起源和发展、山陕商人共同的活动状况、山陕会馆和山陕商人的合作制等相关方面。     

非求生于近邑,必谋食于他乡——明清时期的无锡商帮

无锡商帮在明后期,已然崛起,在常州、镇江地区的盐业经营中,成为诸多地域商帮中最为集中的力量。进入清代,无锡商人云集干全国最大的工商城市苏州,从事生猪贩运和开设面馆业,分别建立会馆,以商人群体的形象展开经营活动;上海开埠成为全国最大的通商口岸后,无锡商帮将集中在老家的米粮源源输往上海,与另一支米商常熟商人一起,成为上海市面上最为活跃的米粮商人,并成功经营丝茧等业,成为诸多地域商帮中一支富有特色不容忽视的商帮。     

明清时期山西道商路上的山西会馆研究

沟通北京与山西中部的山西道是山西商人跨区域贸易的重要商路,商路沿线每隔一段距离就建有山西会馆。这些山西会馆最早建于晚明时期,晚明清初还有比较明显的家族和行业特征。清中叶之后,以盐、当、钱、铁和布等为主的各行业共同兴建山西会馆,沿商路会馆总体格局形成。民国以后,山西商人逐步撤离,会馆也被废弃。山西道商路的山西会馆在名称称谓、商业史特征和神灵崇拜等方面均具有一些独特的区域特征。     

明清时期苏州的会馆和公所

苏州在明、清两朝,“为东南一大都会,商贾辐辏,百货骄阗,上自帝京,远连交、广,以及海外诸洋,梯航毕至”。大量的商人和手工业者集中在苏州,不同地域和不同行业的商人和手工业者,出于自身的利益,先后建立了大量的会馆和公所。这些会馆和公所,有的同志笼统称之为会馆,有的同志笼统称之为工商业者的行会,实际上都是沿袭日本学者的陈见,与事实并不相符。本文试图剖析这些会馆和公所的不同性质和作用,以就正于国内外的学者和专家。     

水与城:堤防视野下的清代襄阳地方社会——以樊城石堤为中心

本文主要以襄阳米公祠石苑内所藏的清代水利碑刻为基本史料,结合明清襄阳方志等,梳理清代襄阳樊城石堤的修筑过程,分析该石堤经费的来源与经营管理,兼述厘金征收的发端,并以此窥视该地区堤防事业建设的方式与清代襄阳地方社会。笔者发现,在樊城石堤的建筑与缮护过程中,地方政府官员、士绅为主持者与组织者,然囿于国家没有专项堤费支款,该堤防经费来源依赖当地会馆、商民等的筹捐,呈现出清代襄阳地方政府官员、士绅、会馆客商与民众的协作与冲突。厘金制度正式确立后,绅、商借拨厘金扩建樊城石堤,显示该地区堤防事业中,商、民力量不容小觑,樊城石堤实为民堤。质言之,城市公共堤防工程之樊城石堤体现出国家权力对堤防事业的介入与民间力量的自我运作,"国家内在于社会",二者同构水利事业,此为城市水利史研究的一种阐释路径。     

商人群体与区域经济互动研究——以清代闽台对渡时期郊商为例

在中国的社会中商人阶层一直是被忽略的群体,但是翻开历史的记载,每一个时代的商人阶层却与当地经济的发展有着丝般的密切联系。本文就是以清代闽台对渡时期的郊商为例。以区域经济发展中的研究理论为基础．分析商人群体所建设的社会贸易网络对区域经济发展的促进作用及商人阶层本身存在一定的局限性,为海西经济区域经济的发展提供借鉴意义。     

商人群体与区域经济互动研究——以清代闽台对渡时期郊商为例

在中国的社会中商人阶层一直是被忽略的群体,但是翻开历史的记载,每一个时代的商人阶层却与当地经济的发展有着丝般的密切联系.本文就是以清代闽台对渡时期的郊商为例,以区域经济发展中的研究理论为基础,分析商人群体所建设的社会贸易网络对区域经济发展的促进作用及商人阶层本身存在一定的局限性,为海西经济区域经济的发展提供借鉴意义.     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.