中国货币替代与铸币税经济关系的实证分析

本文对中国2002-2007年上半年间货币替代率与铸币税之间的经济关系进行了深入分析。样本考察期内数据的统计分析表明,中国的货币替代率近几年一直呈下降趋势,而与其相对应的铸币税则呈波动性的上涨趋势,且铸币税的波动幅度远大于货币替代率的波动幅度;协整关系研究表明,中国的货币替代率与铸币税之间有着稳定的均衡关系,即长期内随着货币替代率的增加或减少,政府的铸币税收入也将相应呈减少或增加趋势;动态关系研究表明,货币替代率的短期冲击明显大于误差修正机制的长期调整力度。此外,研究还表明,货币替代率与铸币税之间互为Granger因果关系。     

国家能力与金融功能财政化研究

渐进转轨过程中,政府面临许多挑战,因此保持并强化国家能力十分必要.为了保持国家能力,中国政府加强了对金融业的控制,促使其行使财政职能.这体现为,在资源动员过程中,金融业具有税收替代功能;在资源配置过程中,金融业具有财政替代功能.由此,金融资源被异化为中央和地方政府的财政资金,金融业异化为"第二财政".作为"第二财政"的金融业,发挥着提供铸币收入、平衡预算赤字、替代财政投资、平衡地区差距、替代财政补贴等多项财政功能.这种替代既有逻辑上的必然性--渐进改革的必然要求,也有其现实上的不合理性--财政功能和金融功能错位.只有进行金融制度建设,促进财政到位,才能使得金融归位.     

战后美国个人部门金融资产结构发展分析

中国GDP仅占全球7.3%,却掌握着约占全球25%的外汇储备。随着外汇储备不断增长,如何使用以实现效益最大化,已引起各方关注。本研究主要从以下两个视角展开:一是公共财政视角;二是金融视角。我国外汇储备资产具有财政与金融双重属性,决定了我国外汇储备资产运用上的双重功能:一方面,外汇储备的经济属性表明,外汇储备不是政府的财政性资金,不能无偿划拨和使用,需要作为资产来运用与管理;另一方面,在我国特殊的外汇管理体制下,经由外汇占款形成的外汇储备,构成基础货币的一个部分,这部分外汇储备实际上是政府通过货币发行权而获得的铸币税收入,是政府的财政性资金,从公平角度出发,这部分资金应该用于公共领域,以提高国民福利。     

国有银行不良资产的经济学分析

通过建立一个符合主流经济学规范的解释模型，证明了在中国的银行业处于寡头垄断的市场格局下，国有银行只有按照政府的偏好分配信贷，才能使转轨经济获得足够的金融支持。国有银行的呆账，实际上是国家通过特定的制度，将本应由财政承担的制度成本转移给银行的结果，具有国家综合负债的性质，因此化解这部分政策性呆账的成本，应由财政来支付。     

由汲取金融，到建设金融——30年金融改革回顾与评价

编者按:中国三十年的金融改革,与经济改革和转轨密不可分.但是转轨经济的特征,使得金融功能的发挥,同样有了较大转型.改革开放前期,以"汲取金融"为主,金融业主要发挥了动员储蓄功能,金融业被异化为"第二财政",也使得金融改革滞后于经济市场化改革.改革开放中后期,金融业逐渐发挥出配置资源的功能,政府有步骤的金融再造努力,使得中国金融改革,进入了"建设金融"时期.     

中国通货膨胀结构性变化的财政分权机制研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

财政政策影响通货膨胀的机制包括铸币税效应和财富效应,财政制度的结构性变化会影响这两种机制的相对重要程度。本文首先利用单位根方法识别改革开放后通货膨胀和财政制度的结构性变化发生时间,发现1992年和1993年分别发生了财政制度和通货膨胀的结构性变化。这个改变使得分税制前中央政府主导的铸币税效应发挥主要作用,分税制后地方政府主导的财富效应发挥主要作用。本文利用中国省际面板数据和系统GMM方法分析了不同分权模式下政府财政互动对通货膨胀机制的影响。结果是:1994年前,地方政府财政盈余增长率越高,中央政府赤字规模越大,通货膨胀水平越高;1994年后,地方政府财政盈余增长率越低,中央政府盈余规模越大,通货膨胀水平越高。     

我国铸币税规模及经济效应分析

铸币税是国家制造货币所得到的额外收入,本文通过测算1995-2007年我国铸币税规模,认为我国尚未充分使用铸币税工具,在目前经济危机时期,政府通过征收铸币税,运用财政赤字货币化的方法,就能够在国家刺激经济政策的同时,有效地控制国家的债务负担,从而实现对宏观经济的强有力的调控.     

基于铸币税角度的人民币国际化分析

随着我国经济的快速持续发展,人民币国际化问题引起了世界的广泛关注,一国货币国际化即可以享有来自他国的铸币税收益.本文试图从铸币税的角度入手,分析影响我国央行铸币税的结构因素,并对2009年我国政府铸币税收入进行了估算.     

论财政赤字货币过程中铸币税收益问题

铸币税即政府发行货币所取得的收入，一般可理解为货币发行成本和货币面值间的差额。在通货膨胀情况下，货币的实际购买力下降，政府的实际铸币税收入小于其名义铸币税收入。铸币税问题的讨论一般是同财政赤字货币化问题相联系的。政府可以从财政赤字货币化中得到多少铸币税收入受制于三个因素：经济增长对基础货币的需求，经济的实际增长率，以及货币需求对通货膨胀和收入的弹性。     

市场主体金融行为变化趋势探析

当代金融经济中,个人和家庭已不再是传统意义的储蓄者,公司的主要行为也已演变为融资和兼并收购活动.同时,各国政府都倾向于债务融资,从中得到一个额外的通货膨胀税和铸币税.金融机构向经济生活各个领域的强力渗透时,采取证券和金融资产交易的方式.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.