环境管制与全要素生产率增长:APEC的实证研究

本文运用Malmquist-Luenberger指数方法测度了APEC17个国家和地区1980—2004年包含CO2排放的全要素生产率增长及其成分。首先,估计了对CO2的排放没有管制、CO2排放水平保持不变、CO2排放水平减少三种情形下的生产率指数及其成分。其次,对影响环境管制下全要素生产率增长的因素进行了实证检验。本文主要的结论有:在平均意义上,考虑环境管制后,APEC的全要素生产率增长水平提高,技术进步是其增长的源泉;17个国家和地区中,有7个国家和地区至少移动生产可能性边界1次;人均GDP、工业化水平、技术无效率水平、劳均资本、人均能源使用量和开放度均对环境管制下的全要素生产率增长有显著的影响。     

碳排放和能源消费约束下的中国绿色全要素生产率和经济增长研究——基于扩展的索洛模型分析

传统的全要素生产率没有考虑非期望产出CO2排放增加的约束问题.笔者估算出中国1978年～2008年能源消费和CO2排放约束下的绿色全要素生产率,同时对索洛模型进行扩展,得到能源消费、C02排放和技术进步对经济增长的贡献作用及大小.结果表明,中国经济快速增长的源泉是高能耗和大量的资本投入,其代价是CO2的高排放;技术进步对经济增长的整体正向作用不大;CO2排放作为环境成本对经济增长的负向影响较为显著.     

利用外资、环境约束与中国工业全要素生产率的增长——基于Malmquist指数与Malmquist-Luenberger指数的比较研究

利用2001—2009年我国36个行业的面板数据,运用Matlab软件,分别测算了不考虑环境约束的传统全要素生产率和考虑环境约束的环境全要素生产率。结果表明:高外资比重行业的环境全要素生产率相对更高;外资对行业传统生产率提高的促进作用较弱,而对环境全要素生产率和环境技术效率的提升具有高度显著的促进作用;外资企业资本有机构成对行业传统生产率的提升具有显著的促进作用,但对环境全要素生产率的提升具有显著的负面影响;环境管制显著抑制了工业传统生产率的提升,但对环境全要素生产率的提升具有明显的积极作用。     

排污权交易提升经济绩效了吗?--基于2003-2012年中国省际环境全要素生产率的比较

本文基于DEA-Malmquist生产率指数,将SO2和COD排放作为环境投入要素,测算2003—2012年中国各省份环境全要素生产率及其分解值;以2007年推行排污权交易试点为时间节点,对试点省份和非试点省份SO2和COD排放量和排放强度、环境全要素生产率及其分解值进行比较研究。研究发现：中国减排成效并不显著,但排污权交易试点不仅在试点省份起到了较好的直接减排效果,而且也提升了试点省份的经济绩效,尤其在东部地区和西部地区作用较为明显。具体表现为通过纯技术效率的相对改善,遏制了试点省份环境全要素生产率的持续下降。中国应继续深入推进排污权交易试点工作,通过排污权交易的制度完善和机制创新,使其不仅促进效率改善,更在技术进步层面起到积极推进作用。     

我国工业行业全要素生产率变动分析

基于2006—2009年我国工业行业的面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数分析法,对我国工业的全要素生产率变动情况进行了实证研究,并将其分解为技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率。结果表明:2006—2009年我国工业全要素生产率年均增长率仅为4.3%,技术进步年均增长率为1.6%,技术效率年均增长率为2.7%,技术进步已失去其推动全要素生产率增长的主导性优势地位;我国工业发展需注重同时提高技术效率和技术进步水平,否则全要素生产率增长会受到限制。     

效率增进、技术进步及高技术产业经济的动态增长——基于随机前沿模型

基于随机前沿模型(SFA),测算了1997—2008年我国30个省级地区高技术产业相对技术效率、全要素生产率增长率。研究表明,我国高技术产业技术效率总体水平不高;区域效率差异显著,东部地区相对技术效率明显高于中、西部地区;样本期间内高技术产业全要素生产率增长率波幅不大,增长趋势尚不明显;全要素生产率增长的根本动因在于技术效率,高技术产业仍不具有规模经济性。     

经济特区与非特区全要素生产率比较研究——基于DEA的实证分析

文章运用DEA方法测度了1980—2012年中国东部十个城市(省)的技术效率、技术进步及曼奎斯特生产率指数,以此为基础比较分析了以上地区中经济特区与非特区的生产率增长情况。研究表明:平均来说,经济特区比非特区具有更高的全要素增长率;经济特区与非特区的全要素生产率在2005年以后有趋同倾向;深圳特区中的全要素增长率最高,但对生产前沿面的追赶程度较小导致其技术效率相对较低。经济特区在深化改革时期应重视技术创新和优化产业结构来进一步提高其技术效率。     

环境规制竞争对经济增长效率的影响:基于省级面板数据分析

利用1992-2008年中国31个省级面板数据,检验了环境规制竞争对生产率增长及其构成的影响。结果发现,SO2减排对生产率增长及其构成有正向影响,说明SO2的减排竞争将会促进经济增长效率的提高。相反,工业COD减排对生产率增长及其构成存在不利的作用。这种不利影响不是由省际间环境规制竞争引起,而是由废水治理策略不当造成的。这些研究结果似乎表明,环境规制竞争并非是发展地方经济的"良策"。     

江苏省生产效率与全要素生产率分解的空间格局演变分析

选用超越对数函数的随机前沿模型,估算1993—2009年江苏省各县市的生产效率,并分解其全要素生产率增长率。结果表明:①苏南地区生产效率最高,苏北地区生产效率最低;各地区平均生产效率均出现不同程度下降,苏南下降幅度最小,苏北下降幅度最大;苏南地区生产效率较为均衡,苏中、苏北地区内部差距逐渐增大。②城市化率、GDP中第二产业比重、出口与GDP之比对生产效率具有正面作用,而政府干预程度与生产效率呈负相关关系。③各地区全要素生产率增长率是逐步增加的,增长主要是由技术进步率贡献的。④通过对TFP增长率和产出增长率联合对比把各县市分为四种类型。全要素生产率从另一个侧面揭示区域经济增长及差异的形成过程。     

环境约束条件下的中国粮食全要素生产率增长与分解——基于省域面板数据与序列Malmquist-Luenberger指数的观察

本文利用1978-2010年国内省域面板数据,在使用单元调查评估法计算各省份DMU粮食生产污染排放量的基础上,利用方向性距离函数和序列DEA技术,测度了中国粮食生产是否考虑环境因素两种情形下的全要素生产率指数,并进一步分解为技术效率变化和技术进步。研究结果表明,是否考虑环境污染成本对于测算结果有较大影响,这对于政策导向意义重大;两种情形下全要素生产率增长贡献有限,主要靠技术进步单独贡献,并同时存在技术进步与效率损失并存的现象,粮食增长成本与代价相对高昂;从经济增长、资源与环境的协调程度来看,国内东中西部地区差异明显,东部地区表现最优的同时,西部地区的粮食生产扮演了"双重恶化"与失衡的角色。     

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: AN APPLICATION TO GREEK MANUFACTURING

To comprehend the impact of public infrastructure on economic performance this paper provides a measure of productivity growth as derived from duality theory. This productivity growth is decomposed into the components of technical change, returns to scale and the effects of public infrastructure, the variable of our interest. In an application, we opt for Greek manufacturing so as to investigate whether the decline in its growth rate is partly explained by public infrastructure. Despite some variation in the estimation results of shadow shares across industries, public infrastructure asserts a cost saving effect in most industries, though it also appears that traditional labour‐intensive industries with lower level of technological advancement do not benefit from the provision of public infrastructure. The estimation results further demonstrate that while public infrastructure enhanced productivity growth over the sample period for most industries, low infrastructure investment in the 1970s and the 1980s undermined productivity growth.     

Sulphur emissions and productivity growth in industrialised countries

Abstract ** :  In this paper, we examine the relationship between economic and environmental performance. More specifically, we analyse the impact of SO2 reduction in the eighties (1980–1992) on productivity growth, technical efficiency and technological progress for a set of 12 OECD countries. Our timeframe roughly corresponds to the adoption and implementation of the First Sulphur Protocol signed in 1985. First, we estimate an output based Malmquist productivity index using distance functions derived from successive DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) frontiers. This index is decomposed in two components namely technical and efficiency change. Second, we regress the change in productivity and its two components on a set of explanatory variables including annual variations in SO2 emissions. The results indicate that reductions in SO2 do not seem to have had a significant impact on productivity growth. The decomposition into efficiency and technology changes suggests that two countervailing effects may explain this result. On one hand, SO2 cutbacks adversely affect efficiency but on the other hand, they stimulate technical change .     

Productivity growth and environmental regulations - accounting for undesirable outputs: Analysis of China's thirty provincial regions using the Malmquist-Luenberger index

This paper employs the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) productivity index to evaluate China's growth in total factor productivity (TFP), incorporating undesirable outputs, during the period from 1989 to 2008. The ML productivity index and its components (technical and efficiency changes) are derived from the directional distance function which gives credit for an increase in good outputs and for reductions in undesirable outputs. The average annual ML productivity growth, accounting for undesirable outputs, is 2.46%, whereas the value of the traditional Malmquist productivity index is 4.84%, showing that the true TFP growth in China is overestimated if undesirable outputs are ignored. We explore the strictness in enforcing environmental regulations and its impact on improvements in ML productivity. The results show that, the enforcement of environmental regulations in China is, in general, far below the levels achieved in the best performing regions, and that the more stringent enforcement of environmental regulations would help to improve ML productivity growth in China.     

Dynamic productivity growth and its determinants in the Indonesian food and beverages industry

ABSTRACT

This research investigates dynamic productivity growth and its determinants in the Indonesian food and beverages industry decomposing dynamic productivity growth into the contributions of dynamic technical inefficiency change, dynamic technical change, and dynamic scale inefficiency change. The empirical application employs unbalanced panel data of 44 subsectors in the Indonesian food and beverages industry over 1990–2014. To estimate dynamic productivity growth, this research uses a Luenberger indicator accounting for the presence of adjustment costs. The results show that dynamic productivity growth exhibits a decreasing trend. Dynamic technical inefficiency change and dynamic scale inefficiency change contribute positively to dynamic productivity growth, while dynamic technical change contributes negatively. Dynamic productivity growth is affected by the change in industrial concentration, the growth rate of capital intensity, the growth rate of exports, the growth rate of foreign direct investment, and location.     

工业二氧化硫排放的影子价格:一个新的分析框架

科学衡量减排对工业产出的影响是环境政策和产业结构调整的重要依据。本文采用非参数方法构建paneldata的方向性环境生产前沿函数模型,衡量各地区工业二氧化硫排放变化对产出的边际净效应以及二氧化硫排放的影子价格。分析发现,二氧化硫的影子价格取决于排放水平和生产率水平高低,当二氧化硫排放水平较高、生产率水平较低时,减少排放的代价较低;相反,生产率水平较高、污染排放水平较低时,减少排放的代价较大。本文以北京、甘肃和河北为案例分析了这三个典型地区工业二氧化硫排放的影子价格及其变化特点。     

Productivity growth in natural resource industries and the environment: an application to the Korean tuna purse-seine fleet in the Pacific Ocean

Measures of multifactor productivity growth in natural resource industries are misleading without accounting for the effects on the environment. This paper introduces environmental effects into an output-oriented Malmquist index of multifactor productivity growth in order to evaluate growth in productivity and technical efficiency for Korean purse seine vessels fishing for tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean.     

Intangible Capital and Labor Productivity Growth: Panel Evidence for the EU from 1998–2005

Using new international comparable data on intangible capital investment by business within a panel analysis between 1998 and 2005 in an EU country sample, a positive and significant relationship between intangible capital investment and labor productivity growth is detected. This relationship proves to be robust to a range of alterations. The empirical analysis confirms previous findings that the inclusion of business intangible capital investment in the asset boundary of the national accounting framework increases the rate of change of output per hour worked more rapidly. In addition, intangible capital is able to explain a significant portion of the unexplained international variance in labor productivity growth, and becomes a dominant source of growth.     

Capital-accumulation games under environmental regulation and duopolistic competition

In a differential game between two symmetric firms, provided with a clean and a dirty production activity, it is analyzed how investment and emissions are affected by environmental regulation. If both firms face the same environmental policy, a stricter policy reduces long-run investment in the dirty activity, while the impact on the clean activity is ambiguous. Both long-run emissions of each firm and total emissions decrease. This result does not necessarily hold if both firms face different policy instruments: Each firm's investment levels increase with a stricter environmental policy towards its rival, which causes more emissions by this firm.