Ethical Rationality: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Crisis

In this paper, we present an ethical and strategic approach to managing organizational crises. The proposed crisis management model (1) offers a new approach to guide an organization’s strategic and ethical response to crisis, and (2) provides a two-by-two framework for classifying organizational crises. The ethically rational approach to crisis draws upon strategic rationality, crisis, and ethics literature to understand and address organizational crises. Recent examples of corporate crises are employed to illustrate the theoretical claims advanced. Finally, the paper provides guidelines for a morally optimal outcome for the organization and its stakeholders. Peter Snyder is a Ph.D. student in Organizations and Strategic Management at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. His research interests include strategy making and corporate governance. Molly Hall is an attorney who practices international and environmental law in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She teaches adjunct courses in business ethics, environmental policy, and the European Union. Joline Robertson is a Ph.D. candidate in Organizations and Strategic Management at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Her research interests include international business. Tomasz Jasinski is a Ph.D. student in Organizations and Strategic Management at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. His research interests include strategic alliances. Janice S. Miller received her Ph.D. from Arizona State Univerity in Business Administration with a concentration in Human Resource management. She has been on the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee UWM since 1996 and has served as the Associate Dean for Academic Programs in the School of Business Administration since 2002. Dr. Miller’s primary research interests include performance management, compensation and ethical issues in organizations.     

Virtuous Responses to Organizational Crisis: Aaron Feuerstein and Milt Colt

This study examines two recent cases of ethical responses to crisis management; the 1995 fire at Malden Mills and Aaron Feuerstein's response, and a 1998 fire at Cole Hardwoods, followed by the response of CEO Milt Cole. The authors describe these crises, the responses of Feuerstein and Cole, their motivations and the impact on crisis stakeholders using the principles of virtue ethics and effective crisis management. What emerges is set of post-crisis virtues grounded in values of corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurial ethics. These include virtues of immediacy of response, supportiveness of victims, and rebuilding and renewal.     

Approaches to Ethics for Corporate Crisis Management

The ethics of corporate crisis management is a seriously underdeveloped field. Among recent proposals in the area, two contributions stand out: Seeger and Ulmer’s (2001) virtue ethics approach to crisis management ethics and Simola’s (2003) ethics of care. In the first part of the paper, I argue that both contributions are problematic: Seeger and Ulmer focus on top management and propose virtues that lack substance and are in need of further development. Simola’s proposal is also fraught with difficulty, since it seems to conceive of ethics of care as a course of action that can be chosen in a crisis, something which runs contrary to the idea of caring. In the second part of the paper, I argue that Simola and Seeger and Ulmer are nevertheless on the right track, and I propose some directions for further development of the ethics of corporate crisis management. I argue that the value of codes of conduct is limited. Furthermore, I propose a way of identifying relevant virtues for corporate crisis management and discuss a problem that is prevalent in crisis management ethics (the temptation of ad hoc utilitarianism).     

论企业高管团队的利器--团队领导力--以复星集团的五人团队为例

本文首先基于领导理论发展主线的成果提出团队领导力的概念，指出其理应成为现代管理团队发展的一项核心能力；认为团队领导力体现于团队角色和经理角色的交叉域，每种团队角色都对应一种或几种经理角色，具有不同特色的领导职能，它们相互紧密啮合、缺一不可，都是团队领导力不可分割的部分。文章并以复星集团的五人团队为例，分析了其特点和对团队领导力的成功运用。     

基于企业社会责任理论的危机管理策略研究

面对日益复杂的市场竞争态势,有效的危机管理对于企业的生存和发展至关重要。实践与研究表明,企业社会责任是有效危机管理的核心。本文从企业社会责任的理论角度出发,探讨企业社会责任和危机管理之间的关系,并结合企业社会责任管理和危机管理,给出基于社会责任的危机管理策略。     

Gladiators in the Corporate Political Arena: Reforming A Top Management Team

This case describes the top management team’s transfer of power and change in the Wuhan Company of Zhong Yin Real Estate Group (ZY-REG). The company experienced acquisition of Haitian and ZY-REG, introduction of the Wanke management team, the general manager’s loss of control over the company, aggravating conflicts among executives, and abuse of power by a clique of managers. The new general manager Yang Ling took actions to reform and transferred power and responsibilities of each executive in the management team, withdrew power from his opponents, and standardized the decision-making process. The management team’s rebuilding was finally completed in June 2008, and the Wuhan Company was then back on track soon after.     

Successful U.S. Entrepreneurs: Identifying Ethical Decision-making and Social Responsibility Behaviors

This two-part study analyzed some of the ethical choices made by founding entrepreneurs during the creation and development of their ventures in order to identify the areas in which founding entrepreneurs must make decisions related to ethics or social responsibility during venture creation and development. Content analysis was used to identify decisions with ethical components and/or implications from in-depth interviews with 10 successful business founders. The research for part one of the study was guided by the following research question: In what areas must entrepreneurs make decisions with ethical and/or social responsibility implications during new venture creation and development? The authors identified four distinct categories of decisions where ethical or social responsibility components exist: (1) individual entrepreneurial values-related decisions, (2) organizational culture/employee well-being decisions, (3) customer satisfaction and quality decisions, and (4) external accountability decisions. In the second part of the study, the decisions identified in part one were analyzed using a framework derived from prior research in ethics. This framework was developed from the work of Kant (1964) who theorized about human morals and Rawls (1971) who developed theories about justice. Part two of the study was guided by the following research questions: Do entrepreneurs have values and ethics similar to those held by society in general? If they don’t, how do their values and ethics differ? The comparison revealed that the ethics and/or values that the entrepreneurs either explicitly or implicitly acknowledged were in fact similar to those of society in general.     

企业供应链中需要危机管理

在变化迅速的市场经济条件下,供应链也有脆弱的一面。供应链中潜伏着危机,如在自然灾害、人为因素等方面。在这种情况下,企业要积极应对,主动采取措施,建立“生于忧患”的危机意识,发展多种供应渠道,与供应商结成战略合作伙伴关系,建立多种信息传递渠道,防范信息风险。     

现代企业危机管理及其应用

危机是一种不稳定的状态 ,随时随地都会发生。根据危机及危机管理的界定 ,对危机防范策略和危机管理策略两种不同的危机处理方法进行了比较 ,并讨论了危机管理在人力资源管理和组织文化建设中的应用。     

基于知识管理理论的政府环境危机管理系统研究

环境危机已经引起各国政府的高度重视,要加强对环境危机的管理,最有效的途径就是尽快建立并完善我国政府的环境危机管理系统。建立了监测预警系统、预防与应急准备系统、危机应急处理系统、危机评价及理赔系统四大部门是建立基于知识管理理论的政府环境危机管理系统,为主体的框架,这是我国政府环境危机管理系统的基础。     

Collective Personality,Culture, and Team Effectiveness

By viewing personality from knowledge structures and behavioral regularities perspectives as functionally isomorphic, referent-shift compositional models of self-concept and conscientiousness are developed. In these models, common measures of personality at the individual level are applied to the collective as a whole and hypothesized to influence team effectiveness linearly and interactively. Culture is also proposed to moderate the collective personality and team effectiveness relationship. The results supported some of the hypotheses in a sample of 62 teams of business students from the United States and Ghana. Implications for team research and management are discussed.     

团队多样化对团队创新作用的双刃剑效应-来自元分析的证据

团队多样化是否以及如何影响团队创新是创新管理研究和实践的重点话题。文章收集了多篇中英文献,采用元分析技术探讨不同类型的团队多样化（关系型和任务型）对团队创新的作用,并同时检验了多样化研究中基于信息资源理论所提出的知识分享和基于社会冲突理论所提出的人际冲突这两种中介机制的作用。结果显示：（1）关系型多样化通过人际冲突负向作用于团队创新;（2）任务型多样化同时存在两种不同的作用机制,即任务型多样化一方面促进团队的知识分享,另一方面又增加团队的人际冲突;（3）任务型多样化的两种机制作用具有不对称性,任务型多样化对团队知识分享的作用更强,因而有利于团队创新。     

团队精神型领导与研发团队创新行为的关系——团队自省性和团队外部社会资本的影响

研发团队创新行为对企业获取竞争优势至关重要。以往研究相对忽略了精神性因素对团队创新行为的动力机制。文章借鉴创新成分理论和创造力系统理论,聚焦于精神性因素对团队创新行为的动力机制以及团队外部社会资本的调节效应。通过对106个研发团队329名研发团队成员数据的统计分析表明：团队精神型领导对团队创新行为具有显著正向影响;团队自省性在团队精神型领导和团队创新行为之间具有部分中介作用;团队外部社会资本调节了团队精神型领导对团队创新行为的正向影响,团队外部社会资本越高,团队精神型领导对团队创新行为的正向影响也越强,反之越弱。团队外部社会资本还调节了团队自省性在团队精神型领导和团队创新行为之间的中介效应,团队外部社会资本越高,团队精神型领导通过团队自省性的中介进而对团队创新行为的影响也越强,反之越弱。研究结论拓展了中国组织情景下精神型领导在团队层次的影响效应研究,也拓展了团队创新行为的精神性动力因素及其动力机制的实证研究。     

基于“多米诺模型”的产品伤害危机形成机理研究

产品伤害危机是企业危机中经常存在且最为致命的一种危机,其发生与企业内外部多种因素有关,这些因素伴随着产品伤害危机产生、发展的全部过程,从演变机理来看,这个过程构成了一个多米诺骨牌模型。产品伤害危机形成机理的多米诺骨牌模型为企业有效控制产品伤害危机的发生和扩展提供了有益的借鉴,根据该模型,企业可以从加强管理提升产品质量、积极主动承担一切责任、增强危机公关能力等方面对产品危机进行有效管理和控制。     

金融危机理论及危机拯救:一个比较分析

美国金融危机席卷全球,各国采取措施减少金融海啸的冲击。小国金融危机是大国与小国间的经济失衡及大国利用优势货币转嫁和分散风险的结果,具有外生性;大国金融危机是内部经济风险累积不可调和的产物,具有内生性。因而在拯救金融危机的策略上大国利用其国际货币地位和完善金融体系转嫁风险或分散危机;小国则要通过技术升级和产业结构调整才能摆脱金融危机及其冲击。     

An Analysis of 10 years of Business Ethics Research in Strategic Management Journal: 1996–2005

From a corporate governance perspective, one of the most important jobs of a firm’s top management team is to create and maintain a positive moral environment. Business ethics has long been considered a cornerstone in the field of strategic management and a number of scholars have called for more research in this area over the years. In this paper 658 articles that appeared in Strategic Management Journal over the 10-year period between 1996 and 2005 are reviewed for business ethics focus and content. The results reveal that while business ethics research in Strategic Management Journal is on the rise, the overall focus on this research stream has been limited. The most prominent ethics theme during the review period was environmentalism, accounting for 30% of all ethics articles. Author affiliations, future research directions, and implications are also discussed.     

论西藏旅游业危机管理系统的构建

安全是一个目的地、区域或国家发展旅游业的基本条件,也是旅游经济持续增长的基本决定因素.目的地处于危急事件中时,其旅游业的发展会受到相当程度的影响,从而陷入低迷.危机事件对西藏旅游业主要有四个影响维度,即对旅游基础设施的影响、对旅游地形象的影响、对旅游地经济的影响、对旅游客源地的影响.建立西藏旅游业危机管理系统是解决西藏旅游业发展的危机管理最适合的策略,该系统包括旅游危机预警系统、旅游危机处理系统和旅游危机公关系统.构建西藏旅游业危机管理系统,有助于实现西藏旅游产业链的稳定性,提高西藏旅游业危机意识和防范危机的能力,增强整个旅游行业的"免疫力".     

基于公司治理理论的企业危机管理研究

本文首先综述了企业危机管理理论的流派,然后从公司治理理论角度对企业危机进行了新诠释,并且利用近三年国内大型企业危机案例,分析了近阶段企业发生危机的深层次原因,最后提出了基于公司治理理论的企业危机管理模式。     

高管团队研究:从资源整合到过程整合

从高层梯队理论提出到上世纪90年代初期,高管团队研究主要集中在团队人口统计特征对组织绩效的影响。从上世纪90年代中期到本世纪初,高管团队运作过程的研究开始大量出现。文章综述了2003年以来的高管团队研究文献,基于团队整合的理论基础,总结了资源整合研究、过程整合研究、公司治理背景下的整合研究以及更为宏观的跨文化背景下的整合研究的成果。文章还总结了高管团队研究从资源整合到过程整合的趋势以及研究方法的演进。