基于网络环境的技术扩散机制研究

网络环境给技术扩散机制带来了巨大的影响与改变,论述了网络环境下技术扩散强度的理论,着重分析了在网络环境下信息扩散与实施技术扩散的过程,并且对技术扩散的机制进行了多方面系统深入的研究。     

技术扩散的溢出效应研究

本文针对目前流行的技术溢出效应概念的局限性,指出溢出效应应该是一个具有普遍意义的概念,即应该等于要素的扩散与聚集的差。同时根据技术溢出与载体的不可分性,指出溢出效应不是单一形式的简单溢出,其表现形式包括人员形式、资本形式、文化形式三种不同形式的溢出,进而从溢出效应对区域经济发展的作用出发阐述了影响技术溢出效应的主要因素。     

跨国公司直接投资的技术扩散效应和效果

跨国公司直接投资的技术扩散效应和效果孙洪涛跨国公司直接投资行为中的技术扩散效应和技术扩散效果是两个不同的概念。技术扩散效应是指伴随在直接投资行为中的技术“外溢”。而技术扩散效果是指技术扩散效应对东道国企业和产业的技术水平影响的最终结果。由于技术等级、...     

国防科技研发政策与军民技术相互扩散研究

近10年来,国际上军事与民用技术研发投入呈现新的趋势,军民两用技术相互扩散、转移的特征和方向也随之发生了变化。对国际上主要发达国家和我国军民两用技术相互扩散、转移的特点和规律进行比较和分析,为我国加强军民两用技术R&D合作及制定相关政策提供借鉴和理论支持,以达到有效利用有限的国防预算发展经济的目标。     

中国环境技术扩散的法律激励机制探析

分析了环境技术的研发、使用、转移等环节及其外部要素中存在的问题,研究了影响环保科研单位环境技术成果扩散和环境技术向企业扩散的主要原因。基于此,提出了建立健全相关法律法规和加强相关执法行为,完善法律激励机制,以大力推进环境技术的国内扩散和国际间扩散的意见和建议。     

技术扩散的溢出效应与东西部经济发展的研究

随着市场经济的发展,我国区域经济一体化进程在加快,区域经济的增长不仅依靠其内在因素,同时也越来越受到周边地区经济增长的关联带动。文章通过研究技术扩散溢出效应的基本类型及技术溢出效应的影响因素,提出了我国区域间技术溢出效应实证检验的理论模型,为今后收集相关数据进行定量研究奠定了基础。通过实证分析提出了促进区域经济快速增长,缩小我国东西部经济的区域差距,在研究与探讨的基础上提出了相应的对策。     

产业集群环境下技术扩散影响因素的效应评价

本文在现有技术扩散研究的基础上,对于产业集群与技术扩散的关系进行系统深入的分析,确定产业集群内技术扩散的评价指标,构建评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法对指标体系进行评价,得出各指标的权重,确定重要指标进行分析,给出结论.     

农业技术空间扩散环境的分析与评价

农业技术的经济价值必须通过空间扩散来实现,而扩散效果的高低却在一定程度上取决于外部环境。因此,首先肯定农业技术空间扩散环境的重要性,然后对农业技术空间扩散环境进行因素分析,构建农业技术空间扩散环境评价指标体系,最后提出了优化空间扩散环境的具体措施。     

论技术扩散及溢出效应

当今社会,技术不仅是提高劳动生产率、优化资源配置、转变经济增长方式的重要决定因素,而且它已经成为实现资源互补、利益互惠、功能互动的重要物质载体。对发展中国家而言,技术能力是增强和维系一国持久竞争力的关键。许多国家为了吸引国外的科技资源,增强本国的技术能力,都采取了相应的政策措施鼓励或要求跨国公司在当地增加技术投资,从事研究与开发,促进先进技术的转移和扩散。     

公共财政政策与技术的创新和扩散

技术创新和技术扩散是“蛙跳式”发展的关键因素。由于技术和知识是公共品,其生产也具有高风险和不确定性,因此,政府公共财政应在引导和支持技术创新和技术扩散方面扮演重要的角色。当前中国应改革政府预算制度,确定科学的财政支出范围和结构,加大R&D投入,并通过税收优惠、政府采购、加速折旧等政策措施,引导和支持企业技术进步。     

Environmental Policy and the International Diffusion of Cleaner Energy Technologies

Technology transfer is an important channel of technological change and sustainable development for countries with less innovative ability than technological leaders. This paper studies whether domestic environmental policies affect the inward technology transfer of cleaner innovation from abroad. We focus specifically on the power sector, for its important role in the decarbonization process, by looking at zero-carbon (renewable) and carbon-saving (efficient fossil) technologies for energy production. Using data on cross-country patent applications, we provide evidence that environmental policy contributes to attracting foreign cleaner technology options to OECD markets but not to non-OECD markets. We show that this is due to the nature of the implemented policy instruments. Market-based approaches positively impact technology transfer to both OECD and non-OECD economies, while non-market based approaches have at best only a weak effect in OECD countries. Domestic environmental policies may provide too weak a signal for foreign innovators in countries off the technological frontier. This calls for a strengthening of policy incentives for technology transfer in light of pressing climate change objectives.     

Environmental Policy in the Presence of Induced Technological Change

We examine the hypothesis that induced technological change (ITC) can dramatically lower the cost of a carbon tax in a static optimal tax model. The research and development sector is represented by an aggregate stock of energy-saving technology, which acts as a weak substitute with a polluting resource in the energy generation sector. Using this model, we analytically show how ITC occurs and affects the cost of a carbon tax. Applying quantitative estimates of the size of ITC to numerical simulations calibrated to the US economy, we find that existing empirical evidence can reduce the welfare cost of environmental tax reform by 12%. Our tests of alternative parameters show that this result is highly sensitive to the assumptions used, suggesting that ITC could result in much larger reductions in cost.     

Project Mechanisms and Technology Diffusion in Climate Policy

The paper deals with the diffusion of GHG mitigation technologies in developing countries. We develop a model where an abatement technology is progressively adopted by firms and we use it to compare the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with a standard Cap and Trade scheme (C&T). In the presence of learning spillovers, we show that the CDM yields a higher social welfare than C&T if the first adopter receives CDM credits whereas the followers do not. The analysis leads us to suggest two CDM design improvements: relaxing the additionality constraint for projects which generate significant learning externalities, and allowing collective CDM projects which could internalize learning externalities.     

Political Measures for Strategic Environmental Policy with External Effects

This paper investigates an environmental policy designed to reduce the emission of pollutants under uncertainty, with the agent problem as an optimal stopping problem. We first analyze the two cases in which there are one agent and two competing agents by following Ohyama and Tsujimura (2005). When we consider a model of strategic agents, we need to analyze the external economic effect that is peculiar to an agent’s environmental policy implementation. Then, to improve and resolve these external effects, we examine three alternative political measures, comprising an environmental subsidy, an environmental tax and an emission trading system. The results of the analysis indicate that the environmental subsidy and environmental tax promote environmental policy. However, they do not create an incentive to be the leader. On the other hand, an emissions trading system not only promotes environmental policy but also creates an incentive for leadership.This paper was previously circulated under the title “Political Measures for Strategic Environmental Policy with Induced Effects”. The authors would like to thank Masaaki Kijima for helpful comments. The authors would also like to thank Alistair Munro and two anonymous referees providing detailed comments and suggestions. This research was partially supported by Daiwa Securities Group Inc. The second-named author was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (2), 16310118.     

Environmental Policy Instruments: Technology Adoption Incentives with Imperfect Compliance

We study the incentives to adopt advanced abatement technologies in the presence of imperfect compliance. Interestingly, incentives under emission taxes and pollution abatement subsidies are the same that in the perfect compliance scenario. However, under emission standards imperfect compliance can increase firms’ incentives to invest, whereas under an emission permit mechanism investment incentives decrease only if widespread non-compliance induces a reduction in the permit price. Our results are valid for fairly general characteristics of the monitoring and enforcement strategies commonly found in both, theoretical and empirical applications.     

略论我国建立环境税制的负面影响及政策建议

环境税作为环境保护的有效政策工具，已被许多发达国家所采用．但是，环境税也有其负面影响。本文基于我国经济发展实际情况．主要分析我国建立环境税制对公众心理税负、对居民收入分配以及对国家和企业竞争力等方面可能产生的负面影响，借鉴国际经验．结合我国实际．提出解决的政策建议。     

棚户区改造政策扩散因素分析

本文对29个省级政府2005~2014年间棚户区改造政策扩散及其影响因素进行事件史分析。实证分析显示:棚户区改造政策扩散外部因素中的中央政策、同级地方政府压力、新闻报道数量以及学术文章数量均与地方政府相关政策扩散明显正相关。棚户区改造作为一项重要的民生工程,应把握棚户区改造政策的制度背景与政府间关系,构建自下而上到自上而下的政府行为逻辑;发挥新闻媒体的宣传优势,加强智库建设,为棚户区改造工作提供有利的舆论环境和政策参考;棚户区改造是解决发展中的不平衡不充分问题的代表,其他类型的不平衡不充分问题可借鉴棚户区改造政策扩散的成功经验。     

财政分权下地区间环境管制的相互影响

本文考察我国财政分权下地区间在环境管制上的相互影响。已有研究强调中国分权式改革对地区经济发展的促进作用,但经济发展带来的严重环境污染问题,要求讨论财政分权对环境治理的影响。本文首先通过一个简单的理论模型对地区之间在环境管制上的策略性行为进行了分析,随后利用我国实际的省级数据对地区之间在环境管制上的相互影响进行了考查。我们的研究发现,财政分权下,地区对经济增长的追求导致地区之间在对环境治理上可能存在策略性行为。在实际的环境管制上,地区之间存在"搭便车"现象,其它地区环境管制对本地区环境管制产生的作用为负,我国地区之间在环境管制上存在一定程度的"竞争到次"现象。     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

On Environmental Policy and Permitting

The literature on environmental policy under adverse selection usually assumes that firms' profit vary monotonically with a private information parameter. However, it is easy to demonstrate using standard production setups that regularity is not the rule. We show that policy requirements are very sensitive to this assumption. In particular, the optimal instrument resembles more an “adaptable” pollution standard than the economic instrument of an environmental tax. We also show that permitting, which results in some firms overinvesting in pollution‐control equipment, does not serve the objective of improving the environment but rather allows the agency to increase the proceeds of the policy.