Progressive taxation,tax exemption,and corporate liquidation policy

This paper develops a real options model of a firm that operates in continuous time with an infinite horizon. The firm receives stochastic profit flows that are subject to progressive taxation. Tax progression arises from an exogenously given tax exemption threshold that makes the average tax rate increase with the tax base. The firm possesses an option to liquidate its operation, which is optimally exercised when the firm's profit flow reaches an endogenously determined threshold level (the liquidation trigger) from above. We show that the firm's liquidation trigger under progressive taxation increases with either a reduction in the tax exemption threshold or an increase in the corporate income tax rate. Corporate income taxes are thus not neutral when tax schedules are progressive.     

The direct incidence of corporate income tax on wages

A stylised model is provided to show how the direct effect of corporate income tax on wages can be identified in a bargaining framework using cross-company variation in tax liabilities, conditional on value added per employee. Using data on 55,082 companies located in nine European countries over the period 1996–2003, we estimate the long run elasticity of the wage bill with respect to taxation to be ?0.093. Evaluated at the mean, this implies that an exogenous rise of $1 in tax would reduce the wage bill by 49 cents. Only a weak evidence of a difference for multinational companies is found.     

论新形式下的企业所得税纳税筹划

企业所得税在企业纳税活动中占有重要的地位，且具有很大的税收筹划空间，本文从“两税合并”的政策背景入手，分析了新形式下的企业所得税纳税筹划的新思路与方法，并提出了筹划工作过程中应注意的问题和改进建议。     

Technology policy making as a social an political process: liberalizing india's software policy

This paper investigates the policy-making process i n a high-technology Indian industry—software—that epitomizes the liberalizing, export-oriented India of the 1980s. Although policy making is a political process, with different groups in both state and industry lobbying for different measures, there are, nevertheless, dominant forces. Within industry, the very large companies have favoured limited liberalization of policy. Within the state, Finance Ministry bureaucrats do not oppose liberalization per se, but their interests are such that they have tended to oppose most liberalization measures. Overlain on this static picture is a dynamic one, in which the balance of power between the various coalitions of interest groups has changed over time. After the early 1980s) liberalization came to be part of the political agenda through the rise to power of policy makers committed to this ideology. However, other interest groups gained in strength and by early 1987 the liberalization process had become piecemeal and in many areas was prevented from progressing further, From this it can be seen that in order to understand the making of a technology policy and its consequent impact, one mustjrst understand the underlying social and political forces that constrain and determine these processes.     

The incentive effect of fiscal equalization transfers on tax policy

A theoretical analysis considers the impact of a typical system of redistributive “fiscal equalization” transfers on the tax effort of local jurisdictions. More specifically, it shows that the marginal contribution rate, i.e. the rate at which an increase in the tax base reduces those transfers, might be positively associated with the local tax rate while the volume of grants received is likely to be inversely related to the tax rate. These predictions are tested in an empirical analysis of the tax policy of German municipalities. In order to identify the incentive effect the analysis exploits discontinuities in the rules of the fiscal equalization system as well as policy changes. The empirical results support the existence of an incentive effect, suggesting that the high marginal contribution rates induce the municipalities to set significantly higher business tax rates compared with a situation without fiscal equalization.     

A spatial model of corporate tax incidence

Using a unique, self-compiled data-set on international tax rates, we explore the link between taxes and manufacturing wages for a panel of 66 countries over 25 years. We find, controlling for other macroeconomic variables, that wages are significantly responsive to corporate taxation. Higher corporate tax rates depress wages. Using spatial modelling techniques, we also find that tax characteristics of neighbouring countries, whether geographic or economic, have a significant effect on domestic wages. We test for, and reject, spatial autocorrelation in our model using a modification of the Moran-I test statistic that accounts for country-specific fixed effects in a panel data setting. Our article fits in with the new economic geography literature as well as the urban economics literature which attempt to explain the spatial distribution of wages.     

The political economy of capital market integration and tax competition

This paper investigates the effect of capital market integration (CMI) on capital taxes in a political economy framework in which policy is influenced by lobbying of interest groups. CMI increases the efficiency cost of the capital tax, which introduces incentives to reduce the tax rate, but also reduces lobbying by owners of capitalists, which introduces countering incentives to increase the tax rate. CMI can therefore result in a higher capital tax rate. When the market share of each country is small, CMI may increase government supply of public goods and enhance efficiency, which implies that, in the presence of policy endogeneity through lobbying, decentralized policymaking can be more efficient than centralized policymaking.     

基于公司税的资本结构理论研究进展及述评

公司资本结构理论,特别是基于公司税的资本结构问题长期被认为是公司财务理论研究领域中的一大难题和热点问题.本文重点介绍、评述基于公司税的现代资本结构理论主要研究成果和最新研究进展,并在此基础上对公司资本结构理论研究的未来发展方向作了展望.     

The impact of the 2008 German corporate tax reform: A dynamic CGE analysis

In this paper we develop the dynamic CGE model, ifoMod, which is designed to analyse the impact of fundamental tax reforms and in particular capital income tax reforms for Germany. The model is in line with neoclassical growth theory and features all important behavioural interactions between the four major building blocks of an economy including the firm and household sector, the government and the rest of the world. We consider firms of different legal forms which all face an intertemporal investment problem, a financing problem w.r.t. the optimal choice of debt and equity financing as well as a factor input problem when deciding on the optimal amount of different skill types of labour employed. We show the impact of different types of taxes on the behavioural margins of firms and households. The conducted simulation shows the impact of the latest German corporate tax reform of 2008 on the German macroeconomic variables such as investments, GDP, consumption and household's welfare.     

The impact of the corporate income tax: evidence from state organizational form data

By taxing the income of corporate firms at a different rate than non-corporate firms, taxes can play an important role in a firm's choice of organizational form. The sensitivity of the organizational form decision to tax rates provides a key indicator of the distortion created by the corporate income tax. This paper uses new cross-sectional data on organizational form choices across states compiled in the Census of Retail Trade to estimate this sensitivity. The results document a significant impact of the relative taxation of corporate to personal income on the share of real economic activity that is done by corporations and that the impact is many times larger than has been found in the previous empirical literature based on time-series data. The results show little impact, however, on the actual operations of firms such as their labor intensity, wages and the like. They do indicate that firms are able to exploit the progressivity of the corporate income tax system by dividing into numerous firms.     

Intergenerational policy and the measurement of tax incidence

We evaluate the ability of generational accounting to assess the potential welfare implications of policy reforms. In an intergenerational context policy reforms usually have redistributive, efficiency, and general equilibrium implications. Our analysis shows that when the policy reform implies changes in economic efficiency, generational accounts can be misleading not only about the magnitude of welfare changes, but also about the identity of who wins and who losses. In contrast, the generational accounts correctly identify welfare changes when the policy reform has only a pure intergenerational redistribution component. We illustrate and quantify this issue in the context of widely considered policy reforms (substitution of consumption for labor taxation, and the increase of retirement age) and in a more general context of optimal policy.     

高科技企业享受税收优惠政策的研究

随着科学技术的不断发展,科技创新对国家的影响力越来越大,科学技术成为了各国增强综合国力、提升国际竞争力的着眼点。近年来我国对科技创新与高科技公司有较高的重视,对科技企业的扶持力度越来越大,出台了一系列的优惠性政策。在我国调整产业结构的背景下,高科技公司有重要的时代责任,科技发展也成为了推动国家经济发展的主要动力之一。国家在财政、税收、金融方面都对高科技公司有一定的扶持,以强化高科技公司的发展。税收政策对企业发展有导向性作用,相关部门颁布了一系列针对高科技公司的税收优惠政策,在高科技公司的企业所得税、个人所得税、增值税中都有一定体现,有效降低了高科技公司的税收负担。随着科技创新的不断发展,税收优惠政策在不同阶段、不同条件下实施也有一定的差异,因此对高科技公司税收优惠政策进行研究,有助于科技公司充分享受税收优惠政策,增强企业的竞争力。     

An exercise in political economy of tax reform

If the tax rate is endogenously determined by majority voting, then a fully effective and costless reform resulting in full tax compliance may not be supported by a majority even when the evaders (or, avoiders) are only a minority.     

Outsourcing of accounting tasks and tax management: evidence from a corporate tax rate change

The aim of this article is to investigate if small firms react to a national corporate tax rate reduction by managing their taxable income. In contrast to previous studies, we also analyse whether outsourcing of accounting tasks affects the magnitude of the reaction. Based on a sample of Finnish firms and measures of earnings management, evidence is provided that firms with an internalized accounting function are more active tax planners in this context. This study suggests that outsourcing of accounting tasks increases the corporate tax reporting quality.     

基于过程论的企业策划研究

企业策划即企业界进行的各种经营管理活动的策划,是一个连动优化、多阶循环的系统过程。文章从过程的角度对企业策划进行分析,旨在借助过程方法,系统地识别企业策划程序,通过过程的管理和控制,减少企业策划的失误,提高策划的效率和成功率,满足企业的策划要求。     

制造业企业会计政策选择之纳税筹划研究

纳税人在进行纳税筹划过程中都普遍认为,只要进行纳税筹划就可以减轻税收负担,增加自身收益,而很少甚至根本不考虑纳税筹划的风险。其实,纳税筹划作为一种计划决策方法,本身也是有风险的。当然,制造业企业生产经营中的具体纳税筹划应在企管中统筹安排。     

The importance of crowding-out for the effectiveness of fiscal policy in Austria

This paper presents an empirical investigation of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in general and the importance of crowding-out in particular for the case of Austria in the period 1964 to 1988. The traditional IS-LM-BP model is chosen as theoretical guideline. By means of Granger causality tests and impulse-response functions the relations between major economic aggregates (considered as relevant in view of the theoretical framework) are analysed. The results suggest that crowding-out effects can be detected until 1979 whereas fiscal policy has lost effectiveness thereafter in spite of the fact that essential determinants of crowding-out have presumably improved.

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Zusammenfassung Die Wirksamkeit der Fiskalpolitik im allgemeinen und die Möglichkeit von Crowding-out im besonderen sind das Thema der vorliegenden Studie. Sie untersucht die empirische Evidenz dieses Problemkreises für die Periode 1964 bis 1988.Das traditionelle IS-LM-BP-Modell dient als theoretisches Referenzmodell, wobei die — für Österreich typischen — sozialpartnerschaftlichen Reaktionsmuster entsprechende Berücksichtigung finden.Methodisch werden mit Hilfe von Kausalitätstests und Impuls-Antwort-Funktionen die Wirkungszusammenhänge für folgende Variablen analysiert: Budgetdefizit, Brutto-Inlandsprodukt, Beschäftigung, Leistungsbilanz, Inlandsverschuldung, Zinssätze, Investitionen, Geldbasis, Reallöhne und Kapitalverkehr der Kreditunternehmen.Die Ergebnisse implizieren, daß Crowding-out bis 1979 aufgetreten sein dürfte und daß die Fiskalpolitik seit etwa 1980 deutlich an Wirkung verloren hat, obwohl sich wesentliche Determinanten von Verdrängungseffekten günstig entwickelt haben.

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I would like to thank Klaus Neusser, Eva Pichler, Alfred Stiassny, Herbert Walther, and three anonymous referees for helpful suggestions and comments.     

促进大学毕业生就业的财税政策研究

受国际金融危机影响,我国大学毕业生就业形势严峻,但现行的促进大学毕业生就业的财税政策在政策层次、政策结构、政策落实等方面都存在着相当程度的缺失。因此,应该从明确各级政府职责、优化财税优惠政簸结构、进一步落实现行优惠政策等方面着手,切实缓解大学毕业生就业难的问题。