走向三方合作的伙伴关系:西方城市更新政策的演变及其对中国的启示

西方城市更新政策经历了从1970年代政府主导、具有福利主义色彩的内城更新,到1980年代市场主导、公私伙伴关系为特色的城市更新,向1990年代以公、私、社区三向伙伴关系为导向的多目标综合性城市更机关报转变.一个内涵更加多元化的城市更新现念,以及一个以多方伙伴关系为取向、更加注重社区参与和社会公平的城市更新管治模式,正代表着城市更新政策的新路向.这对我国制定城市更新政策有重要启示,包括:要提高对城市更机关报多维本质的认知,加强社区民众参与,建立以人为本的城市更新制度,以及强化政府在城市更新中的协调、引导和促进功能,等.     

空间布局演化与产业布局调整——兼论无锡市城市发展方略

城市更新自古有之 ,城市产业布局大规模变化则始于上世纪 50年代。我国正进入城市更新的高潮 ,大拆大建随处可见。如何将城市空间布局演化与城市产业布局调整科学地结合起来 ,是当前我国城市建设和改造所面临的挑战之一。您正在阅读的这篇文章 ,讲述了西方一些国家内城改造的得失 ;中西城市改造的原因与机制的不同 ;指出了我国城市改造应从中吸取的教训 ;剖析了无锡城市改造的缺失并给出了具体建议     

内城在创意产业发展中的作用

内城已成为创意产业区发展的主导区域,由此构成新经济空间。内城易形成柔性劳动力市场,吸引创意人才,且具城市文化的继承性,由此构成丰富的创意网络,再加上政府的制度激励等因素,成为创意产业区发展的主要动力。同时,创意产业的行业多维性和思维发散性促使内城形成多维发散另类空间,激发内城创新网络的形成,带来内城复兴和绅士化。此种创意产业区发展带来内城复兴的新模式,为简单拆建改造内城提供新的发展契机。     

基于英美国家实践的中国内城贫困问题化解思路

内城贫困问题是欧美国家城市化进程中的客观现象和重要内容。伴随着城镇化进程的推进,城中村、低洼棚户区以及内城现象在中国也表现得越来越明显,内城贫困问题影响着新型城镇化的进程和质量。对内城贫困及其涵义的多视角解读表明,内城贫困在不同国家表现基本相似,其原因主要表现在经济转型和人才需求变化、实施分散控制政策产生的遗留问题、采取新自由主义政策和城市社区体系解体、大量移民的涌入。英美国家对此问题的解决主要集中在更新基础设施和建设新城、提升人口素质和教育质量、设立组织机构和提供资金支持、实施福利政策和反贫困项目、推动社区建设、推行绅士化运动等。根据西方国家处理内城问题的实践经验,化解中国新型城镇化进程中不可回避的内城贫困问题可以从实施就业促进、保证教育公平、开展社区建设、注重物质更新、合理规划绅士化运动等方面着手。     

欧美国家在城市更新与重建过程中的经验与教训

城市更新改造是一项复杂的综合性社会系统工程,本文通过对欧美国家上世纪城市更新与重建的成功经验和失败教训的分析,以及对我国城市重建与改造中出现问题的反思,从中探寻在城市建设与更新中对历史文脉保护、社会环境整治、旅游资源发掘,为城市可持续发展提供有益的启示.     

城市更新的文化导向:理论内涵、实践模式及其经验启示

追求城市的文化内涵是新时期城市发展的内在要求。文化导向的城市更新强调以文化作为城市更新的推动力与目标,追求在空间再生产的过程中重塑城市的文化内涵,提升城市的文化吸引力。进一步厘清其理论内涵、总结各地的政策模式并反思其经验启示,对我国城市更新探索"后地产导向"模式、推进"文化导向"的实现路径具有指导意义。首先,理解文化导向城市更新的理论内涵,一方面需要反思文化与空间的辩证关系;另一方面需要从工具主义与功能主义两个视角来理解其背后的政策理性。其次,结合城市文化的本质属性,文化导向的城市更新可以划分为基于文化地域性、文化阶层性与文化功能性等三种战略模式。最后,对我国开展文化导向的城市更新而言,值得借鉴的经验包括:在城市政策理性上,需要回归公共价值;在文化战略选择上,采用综合性的文化政策思考;在政策执行方面,则需要关注对城市创意人才的培育,并推进政府职能转变。     

城市绅士化与城市更新--以南京为例

城市绅士化(Gentrification)是西方国家再城市化过程中,城市中心区更新(复兴)的一种新的社会空间现象.文章分析比较了南京城市绅士化与西方城市绅士化在表现形式与动力机制等方面的异同,指出南京房地产市场的发展、中心区产业结构的转型、政府的政策引导、市民的择居观念与行为等是推动当前南京城市绅士化发展的主要动力;在引基础上指出了南京的城市绅士化与城市更新的互动关系,强调尽管发展阶段与表现形式存大差异,但中西方城市绅士化的本质是相同的.因引,为了避免在今后的郊区化过程中出现城市中心区的"空心化",在城市更新过程中吸引中产阶级居住在城市的中心区是保持城市发展活力的明智之举.     

城市更新中的机制设计及配套政策体系构建

实施城市更新行动,是推动城市高质量发展、创造高品质城市生活、实现高效能城市治理的重要举措。本文认为,城市更新机制及配套政策体系具有四方面价值,一是有助于规范主体行为和保障主体利益;二是有助于城市资源的优化配置;三是有助于提升城市治理现代化水平;四是有助于平衡城市发展的短期利益与长期目标。文章提到,应重点完善城市更新的五项机制,一是完善政府部门协调机制;二是完善多方参与机制;三是完善资金支持机制;四是完善专项规划实施机制;五是完善风险监督机制。文章还就健全城市更新配套政策体系提出建议。     

城市更新地方法规文件的内容框架、关键问题与政策建议——基于21个样本城市的分析

全面实施城市更新行动,是我国城市高质量发展的重要议题。近两年来,各地对城市更新工作表现出较高热情,地方法规文件密集出台。但是,城市更新地方立法滞后于具体实践和现实需要的现状没有改变。抓住这一窗口期,通过回顾我国城市更新的立法历史,梳理了各地法规文件的基本内容框架,并探讨了工作机制、分类治理、专项规划、收益分享、实施保障等五个方面的关键问题。最后,提出建立适应城市更新常态化要求的制度体系和职能部门、分类制定管理流程和扶持政策、加强对空间背后产权的治理、建立“四个库”实现精细化管理等政策建议,以期为地方法规文件的制定提供参考。     

城市更新与片区开发中城市更新基金发展契机

近些年,由于新冠疫情的影响,全球经济面临较大冲击。当前各地在实施城市更新与片区开发中,普遍面临“钱从哪里来”的关键困境。城镇老旧小区改造、防洪排涝等专项项目导致地方财政面临极大的资金压力。“十四五”期间,我国城市发展进入城市有机更新的重要时期,各省市密集推出城市更新相关政策,本文将梳理城市更新基金在城市更新与片区开发中的发展契机。     

创意产业促进城市发展的内容与途径

20世纪90年代以来,创意产业作为后工业社会的城市型产业,在发达国家中迅速兴起并成为世界财富创造的新源泉,有力地推动了城市复兴、城市空间结构的功能重塑和城市治理制度与政策的全面创新.对创意产业的深入探讨,不仅有助于全面了解创意产业与城市发展之间的关系,而且还将对城市发展创意产业的政策取向提供相关启示.     

Planning Gentrification and the ‘Absent’ State in Athens

In times of austerity, gentrification is promoted as a prime investment opportunity capable of reviving stagnating local economies. In Athens, pro‐gentrification policies (using English slogans like ‘Re‐launch Athens’ and ‘Re‐activate Athens’) have become increasingly defined in their targeting of specific areas. Moreover, planning in Greece is characterized by spontaneity, fragmentation and tolerance of speculation, specifically favouring the gentrification process. In many cases, the state's ‘absence’ after promulgation of regeneration projects acts as a clear strategy for inner‐city gentrification. After discussing the emergent relations between state policies on urban intervention and gentrification in the post‐crash era, this article will focus on the peculiarities of the Greek planning system and how these have led to the gentrification of an inner‐city area called Metaxourgio.     

环境政策背景下的都市农业发展——以北京市为例

都市农业具有不同于传统农业的产业化和集约化的特点,更易受到环境政策的调控。北京作为首都,具有发展都市农业的便利条件和独特优势。在分析北京现代都市农业和环境农业政策的基础上,认为都市农业发展打破了城乡界限,为环境农业政策推行赢得了微观意愿基础,同时环境政策也会推动都市农业的发展,提高其国际化程度和影响力。因此应在完善环境农业规制手段、加强农业标准化建设以及重视环境农业政策中的经济手段等方面进行制度创新,在赢得良好生态环境的同时,通过都市农业的发展优化城市化进程。     

Urban Redevelopment Policies on the Move: Rethinking the Geographies of Comparison,Exchange and Learning

Recent years have seen the emergence of two interrelated strands of work in the field of English‐speaking urban studies. The first has centred on rethinking notions of place along relational lines. The second centres on rethinking what an attention to the city in the world might mean for understanding the arriving at and making up of urban policy. Taking its cue from the intersection of these two strands, this article explores the forging of Edinburgh's tax increment financing (TIF) policy. It highlights how those in the city drew upon experiences from elsewhere (both relatively close to home and further afield) in assembling the policy and the particular ‘local’ politics over its translation/adoption/failed introduction. The article argues for an approach to urban policy mobility studies which is sensitive both to the ephemeral, indeterminate and open‐ended ways in which policies are arrived at and made up, and the segmented and structured contexts that inform how policies appear and reappear in multiple locations.     

‘Post‐Third‐World City' or Neoliberal ‘City of Exception'? Rio de Janeiro in the Olympic Era

This article considers processes of urban development within the context of mega‐event preparations in Rio de Janeiro. We begin with a brief overview of these development processes, highlighting their connections to political and economic change in recent years. Proponents of these mega‐event‐led initiatives argue that Rio is undergoing a period of inclusive growth and integration: a perspective we call here a ‘post‐Third‐World city' narrative of urban renewal. Critics, however, contend that urban officials are harnessing mega‐events (e.g. the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games) to push forward a neoliberal agenda of socially unjust policies benefiting the interests of capital and marginalizing the city's poor and especially its favelas (i.e. the ‘city‐of‐exception' thesis). In this article we explore the insights of these two perspectives and consider why they have grown popular in recent years. Though we side generally with the city‐of‐exception thesis, we argue that important geographic and historical particularities must also be accounted for. Without carefully situating analytical perspectives empirically—in particular, cases in which theoretical models are drawn from European and North American contexts—urban researchers risk concealing more than they reveal in analyses of rapidly developing countries like Brazil.     

Low‐Carbon Gentrification: When Climate Change Encounters Residential Displacement

This article focuses on the emergence of ‘low‐carbon’ gentrification as a distinct urban phenomenon, a process that we see as the outcome of efforts to change the social and spatial composition of urban districts under the pretext of responding to climate change and energy efficiency imperatives. The article develops a conceptual framework for scrutinizing low‐carbon gentrification, predicated upon insights from literatures on ecological gentrification and displacement. It documents the existence of an ‘eco‐social paradox’ associated with new patterns of socio‐spatial segregation and energy efficiency retrofits. We interrogate the discursive and policy frameworks, socio‐spatial implications and political contestations of low‐carbon gentrification. Evidence is drawn from case study research in an inner‐city district of the Polish city of Gdańsk, where such processes have been unfolding since 2006 due to the implementation of a targeted urban regeneration programme. This investigation is positioned within a wider analysis of secondary written sources about similar developments in other geographical contexts across Europe and North America, where anecdotal evidence suggests that low‐carbon gentrification may be widespread and common.     

Urban Governance and the ‘European City’: Ideals and Realities in Dublin,Ireland

Throughout recent decades, a significant amount of attention has been given to the notion of the ‘European city’ within policy formation and academic enquiry. From one perspective, the ideal of the ‘European city’ is presented as a densely developed urban area with a focus on quality public transport and a more balanced social structure. More recently, however, the particular elements of the ‘European city’ associated with pedestrianized public space, urban design and image‐making strategies have become central features of entrepreneurial urban policies throughout Europe. This article undertakes an examination of the notion of the ‘European city’ in urban change in Dublin since the 1990s. Specifically, the article illustrates the degree to which a wholly positive spin on the urban design and image‐making elements of the ‘European city’ in Dublin has served as a thin veil for the desired transformation of Dublin according to neoliberal principles.     

THE POLITICS OF URBAN ECOLOGY: Paul Duvigneaud and the Rise of Ecological Urbanism in Brussels during the 1970s

Today, design disciplines such as ecological urbanism aim at fusing natural and social sciences to restore the equilibrium between social and natural systems, and in extenso the urban and natural environment. But recent literature in urban political ecology and urban history has shown how this socioecological approach is generally stripped down to a merely ecological perspective, ignoring the sociopolitical side of the urban ecological project. I therefore argue that there is a need for a research programme that interrogates the history of the interaction between ecology, planning and politics. In this article I respond by developing a historical perspective on the rise of the ecosystemic approach towards the city, delving into the agency and political nature of ecological science itself. Through an in-depth historical analysis of the Brussels school of urban ecology and urban ecologist Paul Duvigneaud, I highlight how urban ecology influenced politics through its association with the regional government and vice versa to argue that ecological knowledge was used to overcome political opposition, incorporate a specific regionalist agenda and build an ecological zoning practice in urban planning policies.     

Beyond a Liberal Critique of ‘Trickle Down': Urban Planning in the City of Malmö

This article scrutinizes the much used, but less examined, concept of ‘trickle down' in an urban setting. We make a distinction between the production of and distribution in the city, and argue that trickle down in contemporary urban policy could be regarded as the liberal link between production and distribution. Based on interviews with key figures and document analyses, we look at the transformation of the Swedish city of Malmö from an industrial to a post‐industrial city, where, during the last two decades, we have found three concurrent components: the ideology of trickle down; several urban policy programs and governmental policies to ‘make' money and resources trickle down; as well as increased economic polarization and segregation. A liberal critique of trickle down would argue that market mechanisms cannot by themselves solve distribution, and that government policies therefore are needed. We argue for the need to go beyond a liberal critique of trickle down and stress how unequal distribution is built into the unequal production of the city.